added libpq

lib/pq/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.db
+*.test
+*~
+*.swp

lib/pq/.travis.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -eu
+
+client_configure() {
+	sudo chmod 600 $PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH/postgresql.key
+}
+
+pgdg_repository() {
+	local sourcelist='sources.list.d/postgresql.list'
+
+	curl -sS 'https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc' | sudo apt-key add -
+	echo deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main $PGVERSION | sudo tee "/etc/apt/$sourcelist"
+	sudo apt-get -o Dir::Etc::sourcelist="$sourcelist" -o Dir::Etc::sourceparts='-' -o APT::Get::List-Cleanup='0' update
+}
+
+postgresql_configure() {
+	sudo tee /etc/postgresql/$PGVERSION/main/pg_hba.conf > /dev/null <<-config
+		local     all         all                               trust
+		hostnossl all         pqgossltest 127.0.0.1/32          reject
+		hostnossl all         pqgosslcert 127.0.0.1/32          reject
+		hostssl   all         pqgossltest 127.0.0.1/32          trust
+		hostssl   all         pqgosslcert 127.0.0.1/32          cert
+		host      all         all         127.0.0.1/32          trust
+		hostnossl all         pqgossltest ::1/128               reject
+		hostnossl all         pqgosslcert ::1/128               reject
+		hostssl   all         pqgossltest ::1/128               trust
+		hostssl   all         pqgosslcert ::1/128               cert
+		host      all         all         ::1/128               trust
+	config
+
+	xargs sudo install -o postgres -g postgres -m 600 -t /var/lib/postgresql/$PGVERSION/main/ <<-certificates
+		certs/root.crt
+		certs/server.crt
+		certs/server.key
+	certificates
+
+	sort -VCu <<-versions ||
+		$PGVERSION
+		9.2
+	versions
+	sudo tee -a /etc/postgresql/$PGVERSION/main/postgresql.conf > /dev/null <<-config
+		ssl_ca_file   = 'root.crt'
+		ssl_cert_file = 'server.crt'
+		ssl_key_file  = 'server.key'
+	config
+
+	echo 127.0.0.1 postgres | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts > /dev/null
+
+	sudo service postgresql restart
+}
+
+postgresql_install() {
+	xargs sudo apt-get -y -o Dpkg::Options::='--force-confdef' -o Dpkg::Options::='--force-confnew' install <<-packages
+		postgresql-$PGVERSION
+		postgresql-server-dev-$PGVERSION
+		postgresql-contrib-$PGVERSION
+	packages
+}
+
+postgresql_uninstall() {
+	sudo service postgresql stop
+	xargs sudo apt-get -y --purge remove <<-packages
+		libpq-dev
+		libpq5
+		postgresql
+		postgresql-client-common
+		postgresql-common
+	packages
+	sudo rm -rf /var/lib/postgresql
+}
+
+$1

lib/pq/.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+language: go
+
+go:
+  - 1.5
+  - 1.6
+  - 1.7
+  - tip
+
+sudo: true
+
+env:
+  global:
+    - PGUSER=postgres
+    - PQGOSSLTESTS=1
+    - PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH=$PWD/certs
+    - PGHOST=127.0.0.1
+  matrix:
+    - PGVERSION=9.5
+    - PGVERSION=9.4
+    - PGVERSION=9.3
+    - PGVERSION=9.2
+    - PGVERSION=9.1
+    - PGVERSION=9.0
+
+before_install:
+  - ./.travis.sh postgresql_uninstall
+  - ./.travis.sh pgdg_repository
+  - ./.travis.sh postgresql_install
+  - ./.travis.sh postgresql_configure
+  - ./.travis.sh client_configure
+  - go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports
+
+before_script:
+  - createdb pqgotest
+  - createuser -DRS pqgossltest
+  - createuser -DRS pqgosslcert
+
+script:
+  - >
+    goimports -d -e $(find -name '*.go') | awk '{ print } END { exit NR == 0 ? 0 : 1 }'
+  - go vet ./...
+  - PQTEST_BINARY_PARAMETERS=no  go test -v ./...
+  - PQTEST_BINARY_PARAMETERS=yes go test -v ./...

lib/pq/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+## Contributing to pq
+
+`pq` has a backlog of pull requests, but contributions are still very
+much welcome. You can help with patch review, submitting bug reports,
+or adding new functionality. There is no formal style guide, but
+please conform to the style of existing code and general Go formatting
+conventions when submitting patches.
+
+### Patch review
+
+Help review existing open pull requests by commenting on the code or
+proposed functionality.
+
+### Bug reports
+
+We appreciate any bug reports, but especially ones with self-contained
+(doesn't depend on code outside of pq), minimal (can't be simplified
+further) test cases. It's especially helpful if you can submit a pull
+request with just the failing test case (you'll probably want to
+pattern it after the tests in
+[conn_test.go](https://github.com/lib/pq/blob/master/conn_test.go).
+
+### New functionality
+
+There are a number of pending patches for new functionality, so
+additional feature patches will take a while to merge. Still, patches
+are generally reviewed based on usefulness and complexity in addition
+to time-in-queue, so if you have a knockout idea, take a shot. Feel
+free to open an issue discussion your proposed patch beforehand.

lib/pq/LICENSE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Copyright (c) 2011-2013, 'pq' Contributors
+Portions Copyright (C) 2011 Blake Mizerany
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

lib/pq/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# pq - A pure Go postgres driver for Go's database/sql package
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/lib/pq.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/lib/pq)
+
+## Install
+
+	go get github.com/lib/pq
+
+## Docs
+
+For detailed documentation and basic usage examples, please see the package
+documentation at <http://godoc.org/github.com/lib/pq>.
+
+## Tests
+
+`go test` is used for testing.  A running PostgreSQL server is
+required, with the ability to log in.  The default database to connect
+to test with is "pqgotest," but it can be overridden using environment
+variables.
+
+Example:
+
+	PGHOST=/run/postgresql go test github.com/lib/pq
+
+Optionally, a benchmark suite can be run as part of the tests:
+
+	PGHOST=/run/postgresql go test -bench .
+
+## Features
+
+* SSL
+* Handles bad connections for `database/sql`
+* Scan `time.Time` correctly (i.e. `timestamp[tz]`, `time[tz]`, `date`)
+* Scan binary blobs correctly (i.e. `bytea`)
+* Package for `hstore` support
+* COPY FROM support
+* pq.ParseURL for converting urls to connection strings for sql.Open.
+* Many libpq compatible environment variables
+* Unix socket support
+* Notifications: `LISTEN`/`NOTIFY`
+* pgpass support
+
+## Future / Things you can help with
+
+* Better COPY FROM / COPY TO (see discussion in #181)
+
+## Thank you (alphabetical)
+
+Some of these contributors are from the original library `bmizerany/pq.go` whose
+code still exists in here.
+
+* Andy Balholm (andybalholm)
+* Ben Berkert (benburkert)
+* Benjamin Heatwole (bheatwole)
+* Bill Mill (llimllib)
+* Bjørn Madsen (aeons)
+* Blake Gentry (bgentry)
+* Brad Fitzpatrick (bradfitz)
+* Charlie Melbye (cmelbye)
+* Chris Bandy (cbandy)
+* Chris Gilling (cgilling)
+* Chris Walsh (cwds)
+* Dan Sosedoff (sosedoff)
+* Daniel Farina (fdr)
+* Eric Chlebek (echlebek)
+* Eric Garrido (minusnine)
+* Eric Urban (hydrogen18)
+* Everyone at The Go Team
+* Evan Shaw (edsrzf)
+* Ewan Chou (coocood)
+* Fazal Majid (fazalmajid)
+* Federico Romero (federomero)
+* Fumin (fumin)
+* Gary Burd (garyburd)
+* Heroku (heroku)
+* James Pozdena (jpoz)
+* Jason McVetta (jmcvetta)
+* Jeremy Jay (pbnjay)
+* Joakim Sernbrant (serbaut)
+* John Gallagher (jgallagher)
+* Jonathan Rudenberg (titanous)
+* Joël Stemmer (jstemmer)
+* Kamil Kisiel (kisielk)
+* Kelly Dunn (kellydunn)
+* Keith Rarick (kr)
+* Kir Shatrov (kirs)
+* Lann Martin (lann)
+* Maciek Sakrejda (uhoh-itsmaciek)
+* Marc Brinkmann (mbr)
+* Marko Tiikkaja (johto)
+* Matt Newberry (MattNewberry)
+* Matt Robenolt (mattrobenolt)
+* Martin Olsen (martinolsen)
+* Mike Lewis (mikelikespie)
+* Nicolas Patry (Narsil)
+* Oliver Tonnhofer (olt)
+* Patrick Hayes (phayes)
+* Paul Hammond (paulhammond)
+* Ryan Smith (ryandotsmith)
+* Samuel Stauffer (samuel)
+* Timothée Peignier (cyberdelia)
+* Travis Cline (tmc)
+* TruongSinh Tran-Nguyen (truongsinh)
+* Yaismel Miranda (ympons)
+* notedit (notedit)

lib/pq/array.go

@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+var typeByteSlice = reflect.TypeOf([]byte{})
+var typeDriverValuer = reflect.TypeOf((*driver.Valuer)(nil)).Elem()
+var typeSqlScanner = reflect.TypeOf((*sql.Scanner)(nil)).Elem()
+
+// Array returns the optimal driver.Valuer and sql.Scanner for an array or
+// slice of any dimension.
+//
+// For example:
+//  db.Query(`SELECT * FROM t WHERE id = ANY($1)`, pq.Array([]int{235, 401}))
+//
+//  var x []sql.NullInt64
+//  db.QueryRow('SELECT ARRAY[235, 401]').Scan(pq.Array(&x))
+//
+// Scanning multi-dimensional arrays is not supported.  Arrays where the lower
+// bound is not one (such as `[0:0]={1}') are not supported.
+func Array(a interface{}) interface {
+	driver.Valuer
+	sql.Scanner
+} {
+	switch a := a.(type) {
+	case []bool:
+		return (*BoolArray)(&a)
+	case []float64:
+		return (*Float64Array)(&a)
+	case []int64:
+		return (*Int64Array)(&a)
+	case []string:
+		return (*StringArray)(&a)
+
+	case *[]bool:
+		return (*BoolArray)(a)
+	case *[]float64:
+		return (*Float64Array)(a)
+	case *[]int64:
+		return (*Int64Array)(a)
+	case *[]string:
+		return (*StringArray)(a)
+	}
+
+	return GenericArray{a}
+}
+
+// ArrayDelimiter may be optionally implemented by driver.Valuer or sql.Scanner
+// to override the array delimiter used by GenericArray.
+type ArrayDelimiter interface {
+	// ArrayDelimiter returns the delimiter character(s) for this element's type.
+	ArrayDelimiter() string
+}
+
+// BoolArray represents a one-dimensional array of the PostgreSQL boolean type.
+type BoolArray []bool
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+func (a *BoolArray) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return a.scanBytes(src)
+	case string:
+		return a.scanBytes([]byte(src))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert %T to BoolArray", src)
+}
+
+func (a *BoolArray) scanBytes(src []byte) error {
+	elems, err := scanLinearArray(src, []byte{','}, "BoolArray")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(elems) == 0 {
+		*a = (*a)[:0]
+	} else {
+		b := make(BoolArray, len(elems))
+		for i, v := range elems {
+			if len(v) != 1 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("pq: could not parse boolean array index %d: invalid boolean %q", i, v)
+			}
+			switch v[0] {
+			case 't':
+				b[i] = true
+			case 'f':
+				b[i] = false
+			default:
+				return fmt.Errorf("pq: could not parse boolean array index %d: invalid boolean %q", i, v)
+			}
+		}
+		*a = b
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (a BoolArray) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if n := len(a); n > 0 {
+		// There will be exactly two curly brackets, N bytes of values,
+		// and N-1 bytes of delimiters.
+		b := make([]byte, 1+2*n)
+
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			b[2*i] = ','
+			if a[i] {
+				b[1+2*i] = 't'
+			} else {
+				b[1+2*i] = 'f'
+			}
+		}
+
+		b[0] = '{'
+		b[2*n] = '}'
+
+		return string(b), nil
+	}
+
+	return "{}", nil
+}
+
+// ByteaArray represents a one-dimensional array of the PostgreSQL bytea type.
+type ByteaArray [][]byte
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+func (a *ByteaArray) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return a.scanBytes(src)
+	case string:
+		return a.scanBytes([]byte(src))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert %T to ByteaArray", src)
+}
+
+func (a *ByteaArray) scanBytes(src []byte) error {
+	elems, err := scanLinearArray(src, []byte{','}, "ByteaArray")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(elems) == 0 {
+		*a = (*a)[:0]
+	} else {
+		b := make(ByteaArray, len(elems))
+		for i, v := range elems {
+			b[i], err = parseBytea(v)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("could not parse bytea array index %d: %s", i, err.Error())
+			}
+		}
+		*a = b
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface. It uses the "hex" format which
+// is only supported on PostgreSQL 9.0 or newer.
+func (a ByteaArray) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if n := len(a); n > 0 {
+		// There will be at least two curly brackets, 2*N bytes of quotes,
+		// 3*N bytes of hex formatting, and N-1 bytes of delimiters.
+		size := 1 + 6*n
+		for _, x := range a {
+			size += hex.EncodedLen(len(x))
+		}
+
+		b := make([]byte, size)
+
+		for i, s := 0, b; i < n; i++ {
+			o := copy(s, `,"\\x`)
+			o += hex.Encode(s[o:], a[i])
+			s[o] = '"'
+			s = s[o+1:]
+		}
+
+		b[0] = '{'
+		b[size-1] = '}'
+
+		return string(b), nil
+	}
+
+	return "{}", nil
+}
+
+// Float64Array represents a one-dimensional array of the PostgreSQL double
+// precision type.
+type Float64Array []float64
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+func (a *Float64Array) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return a.scanBytes(src)
+	case string:
+		return a.scanBytes([]byte(src))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert %T to Float64Array", src)
+}
+
+func (a *Float64Array) scanBytes(src []byte) error {
+	elems, err := scanLinearArray(src, []byte{','}, "Float64Array")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(elems) == 0 {
+		*a = (*a)[:0]
+	} else {
+		b := make(Float64Array, len(elems))
+		for i, v := range elems {
+			if b[i], err = strconv.ParseFloat(string(v), 64); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("pq: parsing array element index %d: %v", i, err)
+			}
+		}
+		*a = b
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (a Float64Array) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if n := len(a); n > 0 {
+		// There will be at least two curly brackets, N bytes of values,
+		// and N-1 bytes of delimiters.
+		b := make([]byte, 1, 1+2*n)
+		b[0] = '{'
+
+		b = strconv.AppendFloat(b, a[0], 'f', -1, 64)
+		for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
+			b = append(b, ',')
+			b = strconv.AppendFloat(b, a[i], 'f', -1, 64)
+		}
+
+		return string(append(b, '}')), nil
+	}
+
+	return "{}", nil
+}
+
+// GenericArray implements the driver.Valuer and sql.Scanner interfaces for
+// an array or slice of any dimension.
+type GenericArray struct{ A interface{} }
+
+func (GenericArray) evaluateDestination(rt reflect.Type) (reflect.Type, func([]byte, reflect.Value) error, string) {
+	var assign func([]byte, reflect.Value) error
+	var del = ","
+
+	// TODO calculate the assign function for other types
+	// TODO repeat this section on the element type of arrays or slices (multidimensional)
+	{
+		if reflect.PtrTo(rt).Implements(typeSqlScanner) {
+			// dest is always addressable because it is an element of a slice.
+			assign = func(src []byte, dest reflect.Value) (err error) {
+				ss := dest.Addr().Interface().(sql.Scanner)
+				if src == nil {
+					err = ss.Scan(nil)
+				} else {
+					err = ss.Scan(src)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			goto FoundType
+		}
+
+		assign = func([]byte, reflect.Value) error {
+			return fmt.Errorf("pq: scanning to %s is not implemented; only sql.Scanner", rt)
+		}
+	}
+
+FoundType:
+
+	if ad, ok := reflect.Zero(rt).Interface().(ArrayDelimiter); ok {
+		del = ad.ArrayDelimiter()
+	}
+
+	return rt, assign, del
+}
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+func (a GenericArray) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	dpv := reflect.ValueOf(a.A)
+	switch {
+	case dpv.Kind() != reflect.Ptr:
+		return fmt.Errorf("pq: destination %T is not a pointer to array or slice", a.A)
+	case dpv.IsNil():
+		return fmt.Errorf("pq: destination %T is nil", a.A)
+	}
+
+	dv := dpv.Elem()
+	switch dv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Slice:
+	case reflect.Array:
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("pq: destination %T is not a pointer to array or slice", a.A)
+	}
+
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return a.scanBytes(src, dv)
+	case string:
+		return a.scanBytes([]byte(src), dv)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert %T to %s", src, dv.Type())
+}
+
+func (a GenericArray) scanBytes(src []byte, dv reflect.Value) error {
+	dtype, assign, del := a.evaluateDestination(dv.Type().Elem())
+	dims, elems, err := parseArray(src, []byte(del))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// TODO allow multidimensional
+
+	if len(dims) > 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("pq: scanning from multidimensional ARRAY%s is not implemented",
+			strings.Replace(fmt.Sprint(dims), " ", "][", -1))
+	}
+
+	// Treat a zero-dimensional array like an array with a single dimension of zero.
+	if len(dims) == 0 {
+		dims = append(dims, 0)
+	}
+
+	for i, rt := 0, dv.Type(); i < len(dims); i, rt = i+1, rt.Elem() {
+		switch rt.Kind() {
+		case reflect.Slice:
+		case reflect.Array:
+			if rt.Len() != dims[i] {
+				return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert ARRAY%s to %s",
+					strings.Replace(fmt.Sprint(dims), " ", "][", -1), dv.Type())
+			}
+		default:
+			// TODO handle multidimensional
+		}
+	}
+
+	values := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(dtype), len(elems), len(elems))
+	for i, e := range elems {
+		if err := assign(e, values.Index(i)); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("pq: parsing array element index %d: %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// TODO handle multidimensional
+
+	switch dv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		dv.Set(values.Slice(0, dims[0]))
+	case reflect.Array:
+		for i := 0; i < dims[0]; i++ {
+			dv.Index(i).Set(values.Index(i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (a GenericArray) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if a.A == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	rv := reflect.ValueOf(a.A)
+
+	if k := rv.Kind(); k != reflect.Array && k != reflect.Slice {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pq: Unable to convert %T to array", a.A)
+	}
+
+	if n := rv.Len(); n > 0 {
+		// There will be at least two curly brackets, N bytes of values,
+		// and N-1 bytes of delimiters.
+		b := make([]byte, 0, 1+2*n)
+
+		b, _, err := appendArray(b, rv, n)
+		return string(b), err
+	}
+
+	return "{}", nil
+}
+
+// Int64Array represents a one-dimensional array of the PostgreSQL integer types.
+type Int64Array []int64
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+func (a *Int64Array) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return a.scanBytes(src)
+	case string:
+		return a.scanBytes([]byte(src))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert %T to Int64Array", src)
+}
+
+func (a *Int64Array) scanBytes(src []byte) error {
+	elems, err := scanLinearArray(src, []byte{','}, "Int64Array")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(elems) == 0 {
+		*a = (*a)[:0]
+	} else {
+		b := make(Int64Array, len(elems))
+		for i, v := range elems {
+			if b[i], err = strconv.ParseInt(string(v), 10, 64); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("pq: parsing array element index %d: %v", i, err)
+			}
+		}
+		*a = b
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (a Int64Array) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if n := len(a); n > 0 {
+		// There will be at least two curly brackets, N bytes of values,
+		// and N-1 bytes of delimiters.
+		b := make([]byte, 1, 1+2*n)
+		b[0] = '{'
+
+		b = strconv.AppendInt(b, a[0], 10)
+		for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
+			b = append(b, ',')
+			b = strconv.AppendInt(b, a[i], 10)
+		}
+
+		return string(append(b, '}')), nil
+	}
+
+	return "{}", nil
+}
+
+// StringArray represents a one-dimensional array of the PostgreSQL character types.
+type StringArray []string
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+func (a *StringArray) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return a.scanBytes(src)
+	case string:
+		return a.scanBytes([]byte(src))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert %T to StringArray", src)
+}
+
+func (a *StringArray) scanBytes(src []byte) error {
+	elems, err := scanLinearArray(src, []byte{','}, "StringArray")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(elems) == 0 {
+		*a = (*a)[:0]
+	} else {
+		b := make(StringArray, len(elems))
+		for i, v := range elems {
+			if b[i] = string(v); v == nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("pq: parsing array element index %d: cannot convert nil to string", i)
+			}
+		}
+		*a = b
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (a StringArray) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if a == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if n := len(a); n > 0 {
+		// There will be at least two curly brackets, 2*N bytes of quotes,
+		// and N-1 bytes of delimiters.
+		b := make([]byte, 1, 1+3*n)
+		b[0] = '{'
+
+		b = appendArrayQuotedBytes(b, []byte(a[0]))
+		for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
+			b = append(b, ',')
+			b = appendArrayQuotedBytes(b, []byte(a[i]))
+		}
+
+		return string(append(b, '}')), nil
+	}
+
+	return "{}", nil
+}
+
+// appendArray appends rv to the buffer, returning the extended buffer and
+// the delimiter used between elements.
+//
+// It panics when n <= 0 or rv's Kind is not reflect.Array nor reflect.Slice.
+func appendArray(b []byte, rv reflect.Value, n int) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	var del string
+	var err error
+
+	b = append(b, '{')
+
+	if b, del, err = appendArrayElement(b, rv.Index(0)); err != nil {
+		return b, del, err
+	}
+
+	for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
+		b = append(b, del...)
+		if b, del, err = appendArrayElement(b, rv.Index(i)); err != nil {
+			return b, del, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return append(b, '}'), del, nil
+}
+
+// appendArrayElement appends rv to the buffer, returning the extended buffer
+// and the delimiter to use before the next element.
+//
+// When rv's Kind is neither reflect.Array nor reflect.Slice, it is converted
+// using driver.DefaultParameterConverter and the resulting []byte or string
+// is double-quoted.
+//
+// See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/arrays.html#ARRAYS-IO
+func appendArrayElement(b []byte, rv reflect.Value) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	if k := rv.Kind(); k == reflect.Array || k == reflect.Slice {
+		if t := rv.Type(); t != typeByteSlice && !t.Implements(typeDriverValuer) {
+			if n := rv.Len(); n > 0 {
+				return appendArray(b, rv, n)
+			}
+
+			return b, "", nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	var del string = ","
+	var err error
+	var iv interface{} = rv.Interface()
+
+	if ad, ok := iv.(ArrayDelimiter); ok {
+		del = ad.ArrayDelimiter()
+	}
+
+	if iv, err = driver.DefaultParameterConverter.ConvertValue(iv); err != nil {
+		return b, del, err
+	}
+
+	switch v := iv.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return append(b, "NULL"...), del, nil
+	case []byte:
+		return appendArrayQuotedBytes(b, v), del, nil
+	case string:
+		return appendArrayQuotedBytes(b, []byte(v)), del, nil
+	}
+
+	b, err = appendValue(b, iv)
+	return b, del, err
+}
+
+func appendArrayQuotedBytes(b, v []byte) []byte {
+	b = append(b, '"')
+	for {
+		i := bytes.IndexAny(v, `"\`)
+		if i < 0 {
+			b = append(b, v...)
+			break
+		}
+		if i > 0 {
+			b = append(b, v[:i]...)
+		}
+		b = append(b, '\\', v[i])
+		v = v[i+1:]
+	}
+	return append(b, '"')
+}
+
+func appendValue(b []byte, v driver.Value) ([]byte, error) {
+	return append(b, encode(nil, v, 0)...), nil
+}
+
+// parseArray extracts the dimensions and elements of an array represented in
+// text format. Only representations emitted by the backend are supported.
+// Notably, whitespace around brackets and delimiters is significant, and NULL
+// is case-sensitive.
+//
+// See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/arrays.html#ARRAYS-IO
+func parseArray(src, del []byte) (dims []int, elems [][]byte, err error) {
+	var depth, i int
+
+	if len(src) < 1 || src[0] != '{' {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("pq: unable to parse array; expected %q at offset %d", '{', 0)
+	}
+
+Open:
+	for i < len(src) {
+		switch src[i] {
+		case '{':
+			depth++
+			i++
+		case '}':
+			elems = make([][]byte, 0)
+			goto Close
+		default:
+			break Open
+		}
+	}
+	dims = make([]int, i)
+
+Element:
+	for i < len(src) {
+		switch src[i] {
+		case '{':
+			depth++
+			dims[depth-1] = 0
+			i++
+		case '"':
+			var elem = []byte{}
+			var escape bool
+			for i++; i < len(src); i++ {
+				if escape {
+					elem = append(elem, src[i])
+					escape = false
+				} else {
+					switch src[i] {
+					default:
+						elem = append(elem, src[i])
+					case '\\':
+						escape = true
+					case '"':
+						elems = append(elems, elem)
+						i++
+						break Element
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		default:
+			for start := i; i < len(src); i++ {
+				if bytes.HasPrefix(src[i:], del) || src[i] == '}' {
+					elem := src[start:i]
+					if len(elem) == 0 {
+						return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("pq: unable to parse array; unexpected %q at offset %d", src[i], i)
+					}
+					if bytes.Equal(elem, []byte("NULL")) {
+						elem = nil
+					}
+					elems = append(elems, elem)
+					break Element
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i < len(src) {
+		if bytes.HasPrefix(src[i:], del) {
+			dims[depth-1]++
+			i += len(del)
+			goto Element
+		} else if src[i] == '}' {
+			dims[depth-1]++
+			depth--
+			i++
+		} else {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("pq: unable to parse array; unexpected %q at offset %d", src[i], i)
+		}
+	}
+
+Close:
+	for i < len(src) {
+		if src[i] == '}' && depth > 0 {
+			depth--
+			i++
+		} else {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("pq: unable to parse array; unexpected %q at offset %d", src[i], i)
+		}
+	}
+	if depth > 0 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("pq: unable to parse array; expected %q at offset %d", '}', i)
+	}
+	if err == nil {
+		for _, d := range dims {
+			if (len(elems) % d) != 0 {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("pq: multidimensional arrays must have elements with matching dimensions")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func scanLinearArray(src, del []byte, typ string) (elems [][]byte, err error) {
+	dims, elems, err := parseArray(src, del)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(dims) > 1 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pq: cannot convert ARRAY%s to %s", strings.Replace(fmt.Sprint(dims), " ", "][", -1), typ)
+	}
+	return elems, err
+}

lib/pq/bench_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+// +build go1.1
+
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"net"
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/lib/pq/oid"
+)
+
+var (
+	selectStringQuery = "SELECT '" + strings.Repeat("0123456789", 10) + "'"
+	selectSeriesQuery = "SELECT generate_series(1, 100)"
+)
+
+func BenchmarkSelectString(b *testing.B) {
+	var result string
+	benchQuery(b, selectStringQuery, &result)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkSelectSeries(b *testing.B) {
+	var result int
+	benchQuery(b, selectSeriesQuery, &result)
+}
+
+func benchQuery(b *testing.B, query string, result interface{}) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+	db := openTestConn(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+	b.StartTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		benchQueryLoop(b, db, query, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func benchQueryLoop(b *testing.B, db *sql.DB, query string, result interface{}) {
+	rows, err := db.Query(query)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	for rows.Next() {
+		err = rows.Scan(result)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal("failed to scan", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// reading from circularConn yields content[:prefixLen] once, followed by
+// content[prefixLen:] over and over again. It never returns EOF.
+type circularConn struct {
+	content   string
+	prefixLen int
+	pos       int
+	net.Conn  // for all other net.Conn methods that will never be called
+}
+
+func (r *circularConn) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	n = copy(b, r.content[r.pos:])
+	r.pos += n
+	if r.pos >= len(r.content) {
+		r.pos = r.prefixLen
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (r *circularConn) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) { return len(b), nil }
+
+func (r *circularConn) Close() error { return nil }
+
+func fakeConn(content string, prefixLen int) *conn {
+	c := &circularConn{content: content, prefixLen: prefixLen}
+	return &conn{buf: bufio.NewReader(c), c: c}
+}
+
+// This benchmark is meant to be the same as BenchmarkSelectString, but takes
+// out some of the factors this package can't control. The numbers are less noisy,
+// but also the costs of network communication aren't accurately represented.
+func BenchmarkMockSelectString(b *testing.B) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+	// taken from a recorded run of BenchmarkSelectString
+	// See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/protocol-message-formats.html
+	const response = "1\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"t\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00" +
+		"T\x00\x00\x00!\x00\x01?column?\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xc1\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I" +
+		"2\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"D\x00\x00\x00n\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00d0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789" +
+		"C\x00\x00\x00\rSELECT 1\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I" +
+		"3\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I"
+	c := fakeConn(response, 0)
+	b.StartTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		benchMockQuery(b, c, selectStringQuery)
+	}
+}
+
+var seriesRowData = func() string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ {
+		digits := byte(2)
+		if i >= 100 {
+			digits = 3
+		} else if i < 10 {
+			digits = 1
+		}
+		buf.WriteString("D\x00\x00\x00")
+		buf.WriteByte(10 + digits)
+		buf.WriteString("\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00")
+		buf.WriteByte(digits)
+		buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(i))
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}()
+
+func BenchmarkMockSelectSeries(b *testing.B) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+	var response = "1\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"t\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00" +
+		"T\x00\x00\x00!\x00\x01?column?\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xc1\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I" +
+		"2\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		seriesRowData +
+		"C\x00\x00\x00\x0fSELECT 100\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I" +
+		"3\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I"
+	c := fakeConn(response, 0)
+	b.StartTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		benchMockQuery(b, c, selectSeriesQuery)
+	}
+}
+
+func benchMockQuery(b *testing.B, c *conn, query string) {
+	stmt, err := c.Prepare(query)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+	rows, err := stmt.Query(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	var dest [1]driver.Value
+	for {
+		if err := rows.Next(dest[:]); err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				break
+			}
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPreparedSelectString(b *testing.B) {
+	var result string
+	benchPreparedQuery(b, selectStringQuery, &result)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPreparedSelectSeries(b *testing.B) {
+	var result int
+	benchPreparedQuery(b, selectSeriesQuery, &result)
+}
+
+func benchPreparedQuery(b *testing.B, query string, result interface{}) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+	db := openTestConn(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+	stmt, err := db.Prepare(query)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+	b.StartTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		benchPreparedQueryLoop(b, db, stmt, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func benchPreparedQueryLoop(b *testing.B, db *sql.DB, stmt *sql.Stmt, result interface{}) {
+	rows, err := stmt.Query()
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		rows.Close()
+		b.Fatal("no rows")
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	for rows.Next() {
+		err = rows.Scan(&result)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal("failed to scan")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// See the comment for BenchmarkMockSelectString.
+func BenchmarkMockPreparedSelectString(b *testing.B) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+	const parseResponse = "1\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"t\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00" +
+		"T\x00\x00\x00!\x00\x01?column?\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xc1\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I"
+	const responses = parseResponse +
+		"2\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"D\x00\x00\x00n\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00d0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789" +
+		"C\x00\x00\x00\rSELECT 1\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I"
+	c := fakeConn(responses, len(parseResponse))
+
+	stmt, err := c.Prepare(selectStringQuery)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	b.StartTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		benchPreparedMockQuery(b, c, stmt)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMockPreparedSelectSeries(b *testing.B) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+	const parseResponse = "1\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		"t\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00" +
+		"T\x00\x00\x00!\x00\x01?column?\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\xc1\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I"
+	var responses = parseResponse +
+		"2\x00\x00\x00\x04" +
+		seriesRowData +
+		"C\x00\x00\x00\x0fSELECT 100\x00" +
+		"Z\x00\x00\x00\x05I"
+	c := fakeConn(responses, len(parseResponse))
+
+	stmt, err := c.Prepare(selectSeriesQuery)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	b.StartTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		benchPreparedMockQuery(b, c, stmt)
+	}
+}
+
+func benchPreparedMockQuery(b *testing.B, c *conn, stmt driver.Stmt) {
+	rows, err := stmt.Query(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	var dest [1]driver.Value
+	for {
+		if err := rows.Next(dest[:]); err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				break
+			}
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeInt64(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		encode(&parameterStatus{}, int64(1234), oid.T_int8)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeFloat64(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		encode(&parameterStatus{}, 3.14159, oid.T_float8)
+	}
+}
+
+var testByteString = []byte("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeByteaHex(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		encode(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, testByteString, oid.T_bytea)
+	}
+}
+func BenchmarkEncodeByteaEscape(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		encode(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 84000}, testByteString, oid.T_bytea)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeBool(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		encode(&parameterStatus{}, true, oid.T_bool)
+	}
+}
+
+var testTimestamptz = time.Date(2001, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.Local)
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeTimestamptz(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		encode(&parameterStatus{}, testTimestamptz, oid.T_timestamptz)
+	}
+}
+
+var testIntBytes = []byte("1234")
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeInt64(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		decode(&parameterStatus{}, testIntBytes, oid.T_int8, formatText)
+	}
+}
+
+var testFloatBytes = []byte("3.14159")
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeFloat64(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		decode(&parameterStatus{}, testFloatBytes, oid.T_float8, formatText)
+	}
+}
+
+var testBoolBytes = []byte{'t'}
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeBool(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		decode(&parameterStatus{}, testBoolBytes, oid.T_bool, formatText)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeBool(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	rows, err := db.Query("select true")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+}
+
+var testTimestamptzBytes = []byte("2013-09-17 22:15:32.360754-07")
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeTimestamptz(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		decode(&parameterStatus{}, testTimestamptzBytes, oid.T_timestamptz, formatText)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDecodeTimestamptzMultiThread(b *testing.B) {
+	oldProcs := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
+	defer runtime.GOMAXPROCS(oldProcs)
+	runtime.GOMAXPROCS(runtime.NumCPU())
+	globalLocationCache = newLocationCache()
+
+	f := func(wg *sync.WaitGroup, loops int) {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for i := 0; i < loops; i++ {
+			decode(&parameterStatus{}, testTimestamptzBytes, oid.T_timestamptz, formatText)
+		}
+	}
+
+	wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go f(wg, b.N/10)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func BenchmarkLocationCache(b *testing.B) {
+	globalLocationCache = newLocationCache()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		globalLocationCache.getLocation(rand.Intn(10000))
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkLocationCacheMultiThread(b *testing.B) {
+	oldProcs := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
+	defer runtime.GOMAXPROCS(oldProcs)
+	runtime.GOMAXPROCS(runtime.NumCPU())
+	globalLocationCache = newLocationCache()
+
+	f := func(wg *sync.WaitGroup, loops int) {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for i := 0; i < loops; i++ {
+			globalLocationCache.getLocation(rand.Intn(10000))
+		}
+	}
+
+	wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go f(wg, b.N/10)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+// Stress test the performance of parsing results from the wire.
+func BenchmarkResultParsing(b *testing.B) {
+	b.StopTimer()
+
+	db := openTestConn(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+	_, err := db.Exec("BEGIN")
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	b.StartTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		res, err := db.Query("SELECT generate_series(1, 50000)")
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		res.Close()
+	}
+}

lib/pq/buf.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+
+	"orm/lib/pq/oid"
+)
+
+type readBuf []byte
+
+func (b *readBuf) int32() (n int) {
+	n = int(int32(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(*b)))
+	*b = (*b)[4:]
+	return
+}
+
+func (b *readBuf) oid() (n oid.Oid) {
+	n = oid.Oid(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(*b))
+	*b = (*b)[4:]
+	return
+}
+
+// N.B: this is actually an unsigned 16-bit integer, unlike int32
+func (b *readBuf) int16() (n int) {
+	n = int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(*b))
+	*b = (*b)[2:]
+	return
+}
+
+func (b *readBuf) string() string {
+	i := bytes.IndexByte(*b, 0)
+	if i < 0 {
+		errorf("invalid message format; expected string terminator")
+	}
+	s := (*b)[:i]
+	*b = (*b)[i+1:]
+	return string(s)
+}
+
+func (b *readBuf) next(n int) (v []byte) {
+	v = (*b)[:n]
+	*b = (*b)[n:]
+	return
+}
+
+func (b *readBuf) byte() byte {
+	return b.next(1)[0]
+}
+
+type writeBuf struct {
+	buf []byte
+	pos int
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) int32(n int) {
+	x := make([]byte, 4)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(x, uint32(n))
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, x...)
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) int16(n int) {
+	x := make([]byte, 2)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(x, uint16(n))
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, x...)
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) string(s string) {
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, (s + "\000")...)
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) byte(c byte) {
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, c)
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) bytes(v []byte) {
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, v...)
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) wrap() []byte {
+	p := b.buf[b.pos:]
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(p, uint32(len(p)))
+	return b.buf
+}
+
+func (b *writeBuf) next(c byte) {
+	p := b.buf[b.pos:]
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(p, uint32(len(p)))
+	b.pos = len(b.buf) + 1
+	b.buf = append(b.buf, c, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+}

lib/pq/certs/README

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+This directory contains certificates and private keys for testing some
+SSL-related functionality in Travis.  Do NOT use these certificates for
+anything other than testing.

lib/pq/certs/bogus_root.crt

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

lib/pq/certs/postgresql.crt

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+Certificate:
+    Data:
+        Version: 3 (0x2)
+        Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
+        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
+        Issuer: C=US, ST=Nevada, L=Las Vegas, O=github.com/lib/pq, CN=pq CA
+        Validity
+            Not Before: Oct 11 15:10:11 2014 GMT
+            Not After : Oct  8 15:10:11 2024 GMT
+        Subject: C=US, ST=Nevada, L=Las Vegas, O=github.com/lib/pq, CN=pqgosslcert
+        Subject Public Key Info:
+            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
+            RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
+                Modulus (1024 bit):
+                    00:e3:8c:06:9a:70:54:51:d1:34:34:83:39:cd:a2:
+                    59:0f:05:ed:8d:d8:0e:34:d0:92:f4:09:4d:ee:8c:
+                    78:55:49:24:f8:3c:e0:34:58:02:b2:e7:94:58:c1:
+                    e8:e5:bb:d1:af:f6:54:c1:40:b1:90:70:79:0d:35:
+                    54:9c:8f:16:e9:c2:f0:92:e6:64:49:38:c1:76:f8:
+                    47:66:c4:5b:4a:b6:a9:43:ce:c8:be:6c:4d:2b:94:
+                    97:3c:55:bc:d1:d0:6e:b7:53:ae:89:5c:4b:6b:86:
+                    40:be:c1:ae:1e:64:ce:9c:ae:87:0a:69:e5:c8:21:
+                    12:be:ae:1d:f6:45:df:16:a7
+                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
+        X509v3 extensions:
+            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
+                9B:25:31:63:A2:D8:06:FF:CB:E3:E9:96:FF:0D:BA:DC:12:7D:04:CF
+            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
+                keyid:52:93:ED:1E:76:0A:9F:65:4F:DE:19:66:C1:D5:22:40:35:CB:A0:72
+
+            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
+                CA:FALSE
+            X509v3 Key Usage: 
+                Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
+    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
+        3e:f5:f8:0b:4e:11:bd:00:86:1f:ce:dc:97:02:98:91:11:f5:
+        65:f6:f2:8a:b2:3e:47:92:05:69:28:c9:e9:b4:f7:cf:93:d1:
+        2d:81:5d:00:3c:23:be:da:70:ea:59:e1:2c:d3:25:49:ae:a6:
+        95:54:c1:10:df:23:e3:fe:d6:e4:76:c7:6b:73:ad:1b:34:7c:
+        e2:56:cc:c0:37:ae:c5:7a:11:20:6c:3d:05:0e:99:cd:22:6c:
+        cf:59:a1:da:28:d4:65:ba:7d:2f:2b:3d:69:6d:a6:c1:ae:57:
+        bf:56:64:13:79:f8:48:46:65:eb:81:67:28:0b:7b:de:47:10:
+        b3:80:3c:31:d1:58:94:01:51:4a:c7:c8:1a:01:a8:af:c4:cd:
+        bb:84:a5:d9:8b:b4:b9:a1:64:3e:95:d9:90:1d:d5:3f:67:cc:
+        3b:ba:f5:b4:d1:33:77:ee:c2:d2:3e:7e:c5:66:6e:b7:35:4c:
+        60:57:b0:b8:be:36:c8:f3:d3:95:8c:28:4a:c9:f7:27:a4:0d:
+        e5:96:99:eb:f5:c8:bd:f3:84:6d:ef:02:f9:8a:36:7d:6b:5f:
+        36:68:37:41:d9:74:ae:c6:78:2e:44:86:a1:ad:43:ca:fb:b5:
+        3e:ba:10:23:09:02:ac:62:d1:d0:83:c8:95:b9:e3:5e:30:ff:
+        5b:2b:38:fa
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

lib/pq/certs/postgresql.key

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

lib/pq/certs/root.crt

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

lib/pq/certs/server.crt

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+Certificate:
+    Data:
+        Version: 3 (0x2)
+        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
+        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
+        Issuer: C=US, ST=Nevada, L=Las Vegas, O=github.com/lib/pq, CN=pq CA
+        Validity
+            Not Before: Oct 11 15:05:15 2014 GMT
+            Not After : Oct  8 15:05:15 2024 GMT
+        Subject: C=US, ST=Nevada, L=Las Vegas, O=github.com/lib/pq, CN=postgres
+        Subject Public Key Info:
+            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
+            RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
+                Modulus (2048 bit):
+                    00:d7:8a:4c:85:fb:17:a5:3c:8f:e0:72:11:29:ce:
+                    3f:b0:1f:3f:7d:c6:ee:7f:a7:fc:02:2b:35:47:08:
+                    a6:3d:90:df:5c:56:14:94:00:c7:6d:d1:d2:e2:61:
+                    95:77:b8:e3:a6:66:31:f9:1f:21:7d:62:e1:27:da:
+                    94:37:61:4a:ea:63:53:a0:61:b8:9c:bb:a5:e2:e7:
+                    b7:a6:d8:0f:05:04:c7:29:e2:ea:49:2b:7f:de:15:
+                    00:a6:18:70:50:c7:0c:de:9a:f9:5a:96:b0:e1:94:
+                    06:c6:6d:4a:21:3b:b4:0f:a5:6d:92:86:34:b2:4e:
+                    d7:0e:a7:19:c0:77:0b:7b:87:c8:92:de:42:ff:86:
+                    d2:b7:9a:a4:d4:15:23:ca:ad:a5:69:21:b8:ce:7e:
+                    66:cb:85:5d:b9:ed:8b:2d:09:8d:94:e4:04:1e:72:
+                    ec:ef:d0:76:90:15:5a:a4:f7:91:4b:e9:ce:4e:9d:
+                    5d:9a:70:17:9c:d8:e9:73:83:ea:3d:61:99:a6:cd:
+                    ac:91:40:5a:88:77:e5:4e:2a:8e:3d:13:f3:f9:38:
+                    6f:81:6b:8a:95:ca:0e:07:ab:6f:da:b4:8c:d9:ff:
+                    aa:78:03:aa:c7:c2:cf:6f:64:92:d3:d8:83:d5:af:
+                    f1:23:18:a7:2e:7b:17:0b:e7:7d:f1:fa:a8:41:a3:
+                    04:57
+                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
+        X509v3 extensions:
+            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
+                EE:F0:B3:46:DC:C7:09:EB:0E:B6:2F:E5:FE:62:60:45:44:9F:59:CC
+            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
+                keyid:52:93:ED:1E:76:0A:9F:65:4F:DE:19:66:C1:D5:22:40:35:CB:A0:72
+
+            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
+                CA:FALSE
+            X509v3 Key Usage: 
+                Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
+    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
+        7e:5a:6e:be:bf:d2:6c:c1:d6:fa:b6:fb:3f:06:53:36:08:87:
+        9d:95:b1:39:af:9e:f6:47:38:17:39:da:25:7c:f2:ad:0c:e3:
+        ab:74:19:ca:fb:8c:a0:50:c0:1d:19:8a:9c:21:ed:0f:3a:d1:
+        96:54:2e:10:09:4f:b8:70:f7:2b:99:43:d2:c6:15:bc:3f:24:
+        7d:28:39:32:3f:8d:a4:4f:40:75:7f:3e:0d:1c:d1:69:f2:4e:
+        98:83:47:97:d2:25:ac:c9:36:86:2f:04:a6:c4:86:c7:c4:00:
+        5f:7f:b9:ad:fc:bf:e9:f5:78:d7:82:1a:51:0d:fc:ab:9e:92:
+        1d:5f:0c:18:d1:82:e0:14:c9:ce:91:89:71:ff:49:49:ff:35:
+        bf:7b:44:78:42:c1:d0:66:65:bb:28:2e:60:ca:9b:20:12:a9:
+        90:61:b1:96:ec:15:46:c9:37:f7:07:90:8a:89:45:2a:3f:37:
+        ec:dc:e3:e5:8f:c3:3a:57:80:a5:54:60:0c:e1:b2:26:99:2b:
+        40:7e:36:d1:9a:70:02:ec:63:f4:3b:72:ae:81:fb:30:20:6d:
+        cb:48:46:c6:b5:8f:39:b1:84:05:25:55:8d:f5:62:f6:1b:46:
+        2e:da:a3:4c:26:12:44:d7:56:b6:b8:a9:ca:d3:ab:71:45:7c:
+        9f:48:6d:1e
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----

lib/pq/certs/server.key

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

lib/pq/copy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var (
+	errCopyInClosed               = errors.New("pq: copyin statement has already been closed")
+	errBinaryCopyNotSupported     = errors.New("pq: only text format supported for COPY")
+	errCopyToNotSupported         = errors.New("pq: COPY TO is not supported")
+	errCopyNotSupportedOutsideTxn = errors.New("pq: COPY is only allowed inside a transaction")
+	errCopyInProgress             = errors.New("pq: COPY in progress")
+)
+
+// CopyIn creates a COPY FROM statement which can be prepared with
+// Tx.Prepare().  The target table should be visible in search_path.
+func CopyIn(table string, columns ...string) string {
+	stmt := "COPY " + QuoteIdentifier(table) + " ("
+	for i, col := range columns {
+		if i != 0 {
+			stmt += ", "
+		}
+		stmt += QuoteIdentifier(col)
+	}
+	stmt += ") FROM STDIN"
+	return stmt
+}
+
+// CopyInSchema creates a COPY FROM statement which can be prepared with
+// Tx.Prepare().
+func CopyInSchema(schema, table string, columns ...string) string {
+	stmt := "COPY " + QuoteIdentifier(schema) + "." + QuoteIdentifier(table) + " ("
+	for i, col := range columns {
+		if i != 0 {
+			stmt += ", "
+		}
+		stmt += QuoteIdentifier(col)
+	}
+	stmt += ") FROM STDIN"
+	return stmt
+}
+
+type copyin struct {
+	cn      *conn
+	buffer  []byte
+	rowData chan []byte
+	done    chan bool
+
+	closed bool
+
+	sync.Mutex // guards err
+	err        error
+}
+
+const ciBufferSize = 64 * 1024
+
+// flush buffer before the buffer is filled up and needs reallocation
+const ciBufferFlushSize = 63 * 1024
+
+func (cn *conn) prepareCopyIn(q string) (_ driver.Stmt, err error) {
+	if !cn.isInTransaction() {
+		return nil, errCopyNotSupportedOutsideTxn
+	}
+
+	ci := &copyin{
+		cn:      cn,
+		buffer:  make([]byte, 0, ciBufferSize),
+		rowData: make(chan []byte),
+		done:    make(chan bool, 1),
+	}
+	// add CopyData identifier + 4 bytes for message length
+	ci.buffer = append(ci.buffer, 'd', 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+	b := cn.writeBuf('Q')
+	b.string(q)
+	cn.send(b)
+
+awaitCopyInResponse:
+	for {
+		t, r := cn.recv1()
+		switch t {
+		case 'G':
+			if r.byte() != 0 {
+				err = errBinaryCopyNotSupported
+				break awaitCopyInResponse
+			}
+			go ci.resploop()
+			return ci, nil
+		case 'H':
+			err = errCopyToNotSupported
+			break awaitCopyInResponse
+		case 'E':
+			err = parseError(r)
+		case 'Z':
+			if err == nil {
+				cn.bad = true
+				errorf("unexpected ReadyForQuery in response to COPY")
+			}
+			cn.processReadyForQuery(r)
+			return nil, err
+		default:
+			cn.bad = true
+			errorf("unknown response for copy query: %q", t)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// something went wrong, abort COPY before we return
+	b = cn.writeBuf('f')
+	b.string(err.Error())
+	cn.send(b)
+
+	for {
+		t, r := cn.recv1()
+		switch t {
+		case 'c', 'C', 'E':
+		case 'Z':
+			// correctly aborted, we're done
+			cn.processReadyForQuery(r)
+			return nil, err
+		default:
+			cn.bad = true
+			errorf("unknown response for CopyFail: %q", t)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (ci *copyin) flush(buf []byte) {
+	// set message length (without message identifier)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf[1:], uint32(len(buf)-1))
+
+	_, err := ci.cn.c.Write(buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (ci *copyin) resploop() {
+	for {
+		var r readBuf
+		t, err := ci.cn.recvMessage(&r)
+		if err != nil {
+			ci.cn.bad = true
+			ci.setError(err)
+			ci.done <- true
+			return
+		}
+		switch t {
+		case 'C':
+			// complete
+		case 'N':
+			// NoticeResponse
+		case 'Z':
+			ci.cn.processReadyForQuery(&r)
+			ci.done <- true
+			return
+		case 'E':
+			err := parseError(&r)
+			ci.setError(err)
+		default:
+			ci.cn.bad = true
+			ci.setError(fmt.Errorf("unknown response during CopyIn: %q", t))
+			ci.done <- true
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (ci *copyin) isErrorSet() bool {
+	ci.Lock()
+	isSet := (ci.err != nil)
+	ci.Unlock()
+	return isSet
+}
+
+// setError() sets ci.err if one has not been set already.  Caller must not be
+// holding ci.Mutex.
+func (ci *copyin) setError(err error) {
+	ci.Lock()
+	if ci.err == nil {
+		ci.err = err
+	}
+	ci.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (ci *copyin) NumInput() int {
+	return -1
+}
+
+func (ci *copyin) Query(v []driver.Value) (r driver.Rows, err error) {
+	return nil, ErrNotSupported
+}
+
+// Exec inserts values into the COPY stream. The insert is asynchronous
+// and Exec can return errors from previous Exec calls to the same
+// COPY stmt.
+//
+// You need to call Exec(nil) to sync the COPY stream and to get any
+// errors from pending data, since Stmt.Close() doesn't return errors
+// to the user.
+func (ci *copyin) Exec(v []driver.Value) (r driver.Result, err error) {
+	if ci.closed {
+		return nil, errCopyInClosed
+	}
+
+	if ci.cn.bad {
+		return nil, driver.ErrBadConn
+	}
+	defer ci.cn.errRecover(&err)
+
+	if ci.isErrorSet() {
+		return nil, ci.err
+	}
+
+	if len(v) == 0 {
+		return nil, ci.Close()
+	}
+
+	numValues := len(v)
+	for i, value := range v {
+		ci.buffer = appendEncodedText(&ci.cn.parameterStatus, ci.buffer, value)
+		if i < numValues-1 {
+			ci.buffer = append(ci.buffer, '\t')
+		}
+	}
+
+	ci.buffer = append(ci.buffer, '\n')
+
+	if len(ci.buffer) > ciBufferFlushSize {
+		ci.flush(ci.buffer)
+		// reset buffer, keep bytes for message identifier and length
+		ci.buffer = ci.buffer[:5]
+	}
+
+	return driver.RowsAffected(0), nil
+}
+
+func (ci *copyin) Close() (err error) {
+	if ci.closed { // Don't do anything, we're already closed
+		return nil
+	}
+	ci.closed = true
+
+	if ci.cn.bad {
+		return driver.ErrBadConn
+	}
+	defer ci.cn.errRecover(&err)
+
+	if len(ci.buffer) > 0 {
+		ci.flush(ci.buffer)
+	}
+	// Avoid touching the scratch buffer as resploop could be using it.
+	err = ci.cn.sendSimpleMessage('c')
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	<-ci.done
+	ci.cn.inCopy = false
+
+	if ci.isErrorSet() {
+		err = ci.err
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}

lib/pq/copy_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestCopyInStmt(t *testing.T) {
+	var stmt string
+	stmt = CopyIn("table name")
+	if stmt != `COPY "table name" () FROM STDIN` {
+		t.Fatal(stmt)
+	}
+
+	stmt = CopyIn("table name", "column 1", "column 2")
+	if stmt != `COPY "table name" ("column 1", "column 2") FROM STDIN` {
+		t.Fatal(stmt)
+	}
+
+	stmt = CopyIn(`table " name """`, `co"lumn""`)
+	if stmt != `COPY "table "" name """"""" ("co""lumn""""") FROM STDIN` {
+		t.Fatal(stmt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyInSchemaStmt(t *testing.T) {
+	var stmt string
+	stmt = CopyInSchema("schema name", "table name")
+	if stmt != `COPY "schema name"."table name" () FROM STDIN` {
+		t.Fatal(stmt)
+	}
+
+	stmt = CopyInSchema("schema name", "table name", "column 1", "column 2")
+	if stmt != `COPY "schema name"."table name" ("column 1", "column 2") FROM STDIN` {
+		t.Fatal(stmt)
+	}
+
+	stmt = CopyInSchema(`schema " name """`, `table " name """`, `co"lumn""`)
+	if stmt != `COPY "schema "" name """"""".`+
+		`"table "" name """"""" ("co""lumn""""") FROM STDIN` {
+		t.Fatal(stmt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyInMultipleValues(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (a int, b varchar)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "a", "b"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	longString := strings.Repeat("#", 500)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 500; i++ {
+		_, err = stmt.Exec(int64(i), longString)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = stmt.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var num int
+	err = txn.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM temp").Scan(&num)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if num != 500 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 500 items, not %d", num)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyInRaiseStmtTrigger(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	if getServerVersion(t, db) < 90000 {
+		var exists int
+		err := db.QueryRow("SELECT 1 FROM pg_language WHERE lanname = 'plpgsql'").Scan(&exists)
+		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+			t.Skip("language PL/PgSQL does not exist; skipping TestCopyInRaiseStmtTrigger")
+		} else if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (a int, b varchar)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec(`
+			CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_temp.temptest()
+			RETURNS trigger AS 
+			$BODY$ begin
+				raise notice 'Hello world';
+				return new;
+			end $BODY$
+			LANGUAGE plpgsql`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec(`
+			CREATE TRIGGER temptest_trigger
+			BEFORE INSERT
+			ON temp 
+			FOR EACH ROW
+			EXECUTE PROCEDURE pg_temp.temptest()`)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "a", "b"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	longString := strings.Repeat("#", 500)
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec(int64(1), longString)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = stmt.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var num int
+	err = txn.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM temp").Scan(&num)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if num != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 items, not %d", num)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyInTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (num INTEGER, text VARCHAR, blob BYTEA, nothing VARCHAR)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "num", "text", "blob", "nothing"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec(int64(1234567890), "Héllö\n ☃!\r\t\\", []byte{0, 255, 9, 10, 13}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = stmt.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var num int
+	var text string
+	var blob []byte
+	var nothing sql.NullString
+
+	err = txn.QueryRow("SELECT * FROM temp").Scan(&num, &text, &blob, &nothing)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if num != 1234567890 {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected result", num)
+	}
+	if text != "Héllö\n ☃!\r\t\\" {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected result", text)
+	}
+	if bytes.Compare(blob, []byte{0, 255, 9, 10, 13}) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected result", blob)
+	}
+	if nothing.Valid {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected result", nothing.String)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyInWrongType(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (num INTEGER)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "num"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec("Héllö\n ☃!\r\t\\")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if pge := err.(*Error); pge.Code.Name() != "invalid_text_representation" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'invalid input syntax for integer' error, got %s (%+v)", pge.Code.Name(), pge)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyOutsideOfTxnError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "num"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("COPY outside of transaction did not return an error")
+	}
+	if err != errCopyNotSupportedOutsideTxn {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %s, got %s", err, err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyInBinaryError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (num INTEGER)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err = txn.Prepare("COPY temp (num) FROM STDIN WITH binary")
+	if err != errBinaryCopyNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %s, got %+v", errBinaryCopyNotSupported, err)
+	}
+	// check that the protocol is in a valid state
+	err = txn.Rollback()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyFromError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (num INTEGER)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err = txn.Prepare("COPY temp (num) TO STDOUT")
+	if err != errCopyToNotSupported {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %s, got %+v", errCopyToNotSupported, err)
+	}
+	// check that the protocol is in a valid state
+	err = txn.Rollback()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopySyntaxError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Prepare("COPY ")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if pge := err.(*Error); pge.Code.Name() != "syntax_error" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected syntax error, got %s (%+v)", pge.Code.Name(), pge)
+	}
+	// check that the protocol is in a valid state
+	err = txn.Rollback()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests for connection errors in copyin.resploop()
+func TestCopyRespLoopConnectionError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	var pid int
+	err = txn.QueryRow("SELECT pg_backend_pid()").Scan(&pid)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (a int)")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "a"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("SELECT pg_terminate_backend($1)", pid)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if getServerVersion(t, db) < 90500 {
+		// We have to try and send something over, since postgres before
+		// version 9.5 won't process SIGTERMs while it's waiting for
+		// CopyData/CopyEnd messages; see tcop/postgres.c.
+		_, err = stmt.Exec(1)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error")
+	}
+	pge, ok := err.(*Error)
+	if !ok {
+		if err == driver.ErrBadConn {
+			// likely an EPIPE
+		} else {
+			t.Fatalf("expected *pq.Error or driver.ErrBadConn, got %+#v", err)
+		}
+	} else if pge.Code.Name() != "admin_shutdown" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected admin_shutdown, got %s", pge.Code.Name())
+	}
+
+	_ = stmt.Close()
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCopyIn(b *testing.B) {
+	db := openTestConn(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer txn.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = txn.Exec("CREATE TEMP TABLE temp (a int, b varchar)")
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("temp", "a", "b"))
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, err = stmt.Exec(int64(i), "hello world!")
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = stmt.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var num int
+	err = txn.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM temp").Scan(&num)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if num != b.N {
+		b.Fatalf("expected %d items, not %d", b.N, num)
+	}
+}

lib/pq/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+/*
+Package pq is a pure Go Postgres driver for the database/sql package.
+
+In most cases clients will use the database/sql package instead of
+using this package directly. For example:
+
+	import (
+		"database/sql"
+
+		_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	)
+
+	func main() {
+		db, err := sql.Open("postgres", "user=pqgotest dbname=pqgotest sslmode=verify-full")
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		age := 21
+		rows, err := db.Query("SELECT name FROM users WHERE age = $1", age)
+		…
+	}
+
+You can also connect to a database using a URL. For example:
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("postgres", "postgres://pqgotest:password@localhost/pqgotest?sslmode=verify-full")
+
+
+Connection String Parameters
+
+
+Similarly to libpq, when establishing a connection using pq you are expected to
+supply a connection string containing zero or more parameters.
+A subset of the connection parameters supported by libpq are also supported by pq.
+Additionally, pq also lets you specify run-time parameters (such as search_path or work_mem)
+directly in the connection string.  This is different from libpq, which does not allow
+run-time parameters in the connection string, instead requiring you to supply
+them in the options parameter.
+
+For compatibility with libpq, the following special connection parameters are
+supported:
+
+	* dbname - The name of the database to connect to
+	* user - The user to sign in as
+	* password - The user's password
+	* host - The host to connect to. Values that start with / are for unix domain sockets. (default is localhost)
+	* port - The port to bind to. (default is 5432)
+	* sslmode - Whether or not to use SSL (default is require, this is not the default for libpq)
+	* fallback_application_name - An application_name to fall back to if one isn't provided.
+	* connect_timeout - Maximum wait for connection, in seconds. Zero or not specified means wait indefinitely.
+	* sslcert - Cert file location. The file must contain PEM encoded data.
+	* sslkey - Key file location. The file must contain PEM encoded data.
+	* sslrootcert - The location of the root certificate file. The file must contain PEM encoded data.
+
+Valid values for sslmode are:
+
+	* disable - No SSL
+	* require - Always SSL (skip verification)
+	* verify-ca - Always SSL (verify that the certificate presented by the server was signed by a trusted CA)
+	* verify-full - Always SSL (verify that the certification presented by the server was signed by a trusted CA and the server host name matches the one in the certificate)
+
+See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING
+for more information about connection string parameters.
+
+Use single quotes for values that contain whitespace:
+
+    "user=pqgotest password='with spaces'"
+
+A backslash will escape the next character in values:
+
+    "user=space\ man password='it\'s valid'
+
+Note that the connection parameter client_encoding (which sets the
+text encoding for the connection) may be set but must be "UTF8",
+matching with the same rules as Postgres. It is an error to provide
+any other value.
+
+In addition to the parameters listed above, any run-time parameter that can be
+set at backend start time can be set in the connection string.  For more
+information, see
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/runtime-config.html.
+
+Most environment variables as specified at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-envars.html
+supported by libpq are also supported by pq.  If any of the environment
+variables not supported by pq are set, pq will panic during connection
+establishment.  Environment variables have a lower precedence than explicitly
+provided connection parameters.
+
+The pgpass mechanism as described in http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-pgpass.html
+is supported, but on Windows PGPASSFILE must be specified explicitly.
+
+
+Queries
+
+
+database/sql does not dictate any specific format for parameter
+markers in query strings, and pq uses the Postgres-native ordinal markers,
+as shown above. The same marker can be reused for the same parameter:
+
+	rows, err := db.Query(`SELECT name FROM users WHERE favorite_fruit = $1
+		OR age BETWEEN $2 AND $2 + 3`, "orange", 64)
+
+pq does not support the LastInsertId() method of the Result type in database/sql.
+To return the identifier of an INSERT (or UPDATE or DELETE), use the Postgres
+RETURNING clause with a standard Query or QueryRow call:
+
+	var userid int
+	err := db.QueryRow(`INSERT INTO users(name, favorite_fruit, age)
+		VALUES('beatrice', 'starfruit', 93) RETURNING id`).Scan(&userid)
+
+For more details on RETURNING, see the Postgres documentation:
+
+	http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-insert.html
+	http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-update.html
+	http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-delete.html
+
+For additional instructions on querying see the documentation for the database/sql package.
+
+
+Data Types
+
+
+Parameters pass through driver.DefaultParameterConverter before they are handled
+by this package. When the binary_parameters connection option is enabled,
+[]byte values are sent directly to the backend as data in binary format.
+
+This package returns the following types for values from the PostgreSQL backend:
+
+	- integer types smallint, integer, and bigint are returned as int64
+	- floating-point types real and double precision are returned as float64
+	- character types char, varchar, and text are returned as string
+	- temporal types date, time, timetz, timestamp, and timestamptz are returned as time.Time
+	- the boolean type is returned as bool
+	- the bytea type is returned as []byte
+
+All other types are returned directly from the backend as []byte values in text format.
+
+
+Errors
+
+
+pq may return errors of type *pq.Error which can be interrogated for error details:
+
+        if err, ok := err.(*pq.Error); ok {
+            fmt.Println("pq error:", err.Code.Name())
+        }
+
+See the pq.Error type for details.
+
+
+Bulk imports
+
+You can perform bulk imports by preparing a statement returned by pq.CopyIn (or
+pq.CopyInSchema) in an explicit transaction (sql.Tx). The returned statement
+handle can then be repeatedly "executed" to copy data into the target table.
+After all data has been processed you should call Exec() once with no arguments
+to flush all buffered data. Any call to Exec() might return an error which
+should be handled appropriately, but because of the internal buffering an error
+returned by Exec() might not be related to the data passed in the call that
+failed.
+
+CopyIn uses COPY FROM internally. It is not possible to COPY outside of an
+explicit transaction in pq.
+
+Usage example:
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	stmt, err := txn.Prepare(pq.CopyIn("users", "name", "age"))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, user := range users {
+		_, err = stmt.Exec(user.Name, int64(user.Age))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, err = stmt.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = stmt.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = txn.Commit()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+
+Notifications
+
+
+PostgreSQL supports a simple publish/subscribe model over database
+connections.  See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-notify.html
+for more information about the general mechanism.
+
+To start listening for notifications, you first have to open a new connection
+to the database by calling NewListener.  This connection can not be used for
+anything other than LISTEN / NOTIFY.  Calling Listen will open a "notification
+channel"; once a notification channel is open, a notification generated on that
+channel will effect a send on the Listener.Notify channel.  A notification
+channel will remain open until Unlisten is called, though connection loss might
+result in some notifications being lost.  To solve this problem, Listener sends
+a nil pointer over the Notify channel any time the connection is re-established
+following a connection loss.  The application can get information about the
+state of the underlying connection by setting an event callback in the call to
+NewListener.
+
+A single Listener can safely be used from concurrent goroutines, which means
+that there is often no need to create more than one Listener in your
+application.  However, a Listener is always connected to a single database, so
+you will need to create a new Listener instance for every database you want to
+receive notifications in.
+
+The channel name in both Listen and Unlisten is case sensitive, and can contain
+any characters legal in an identifier (see
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS
+for more information).  Note that the channel name will be truncated to 63
+bytes by the PostgreSQL server.
+
+You can find a complete, working example of Listener usage at
+http://godoc.org/github.com/lib/pq/listen_example.
+
+*/
+package pq

lib/pq/encode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"orm/lib/pq/oid"
+)
+
+func binaryEncode(parameterStatus *parameterStatus, x interface{}) []byte {
+	switch v := x.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return v
+	default:
+		return encode(parameterStatus, x, oid.T_unknown)
+	}
+}
+
+func encode(parameterStatus *parameterStatus, x interface{}, pgtypOid oid.Oid) []byte {
+	switch v := x.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		return strconv.AppendInt(nil, v, 10)
+	case float64:
+		return strconv.AppendFloat(nil, v, 'f', -1, 64)
+	case []byte:
+		if pgtypOid == oid.T_bytea {
+			return encodeBytea(parameterStatus.serverVersion, v)
+		}
+
+		return v
+	case string:
+		if pgtypOid == oid.T_bytea {
+			return encodeBytea(parameterStatus.serverVersion, []byte(v))
+		}
+
+		return []byte(v)
+	case bool:
+		return strconv.AppendBool(nil, v)
+	case time.Time:
+		return formatTs(v)
+
+	default:
+		errorf("encode: unknown type for %T", v)
+	}
+
+	panic("not reached")
+}
+
+func decode(parameterStatus *parameterStatus, s []byte, typ oid.Oid, f format) interface{} {
+	switch f {
+	case formatBinary:
+		return binaryDecode(parameterStatus, s, typ)
+	case formatText:
+		return textDecode(parameterStatus, s, typ)
+	default:
+		panic("not reached")
+	}
+}
+
+func binaryDecode(parameterStatus *parameterStatus, s []byte, typ oid.Oid) interface{} {
+	switch typ {
+	case oid.T_bytea:
+		return s
+	case oid.T_int8:
+		return int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(s))
+	case oid.T_int4:
+		return int64(int32(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(s)))
+	case oid.T_int2:
+		return int64(int16(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(s)))
+
+	default:
+		errorf("don't know how to decode binary parameter of type %d", uint32(typ))
+	}
+
+	panic("not reached")
+}
+
+func textDecode(parameterStatus *parameterStatus, s []byte, typ oid.Oid) interface{} {
+	switch typ {
+	case oid.T_char, oid.T_varchar, oid.T_text:
+		return string(s)
+	case oid.T_bytea:
+		b, err := parseBytea(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			errorf("%s", err)
+		}
+		return b
+	case oid.T_timestamptz:
+		return parseTs(parameterStatus.currentLocation, string(s))
+	case oid.T_timestamp, oid.T_date:
+		return parseTs(nil, string(s))
+	case oid.T_time:
+		return mustParse("15:04:05", typ, s)
+	case oid.T_timetz:
+		return mustParse("15:04:05-07", typ, s)
+	case oid.T_bool:
+		return s[0] == 't'
+	case oid.T_int8, oid.T_int4, oid.T_int2:
+		i, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(s), 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			errorf("%s", err)
+		}
+		return i
+	case oid.T_float4, oid.T_float8:
+		bits := 64
+		if typ == oid.T_float4 {
+			bits = 32
+		}
+		f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(s), bits)
+		if err != nil {
+			errorf("%s", err)
+		}
+		return f
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// appendEncodedText encodes item in text format as required by COPY
+// and appends to buf
+func appendEncodedText(parameterStatus *parameterStatus, buf []byte, x interface{}) []byte {
+	switch v := x.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		return strconv.AppendInt(buf, v, 10)
+	case float64:
+		return strconv.AppendFloat(buf, v, 'f', -1, 64)
+	case []byte:
+		encodedBytea := encodeBytea(parameterStatus.serverVersion, v)
+		return appendEscapedText(buf, string(encodedBytea))
+	case string:
+		return appendEscapedText(buf, v)
+	case bool:
+		return strconv.AppendBool(buf, v)
+	case time.Time:
+		return append(buf, formatTs(v)...)
+	case nil:
+		return append(buf, "\\N"...)
+	default:
+		errorf("encode: unknown type for %T", v)
+	}
+
+	panic("not reached")
+}
+
+func appendEscapedText(buf []byte, text string) []byte {
+	escapeNeeded := false
+	startPos := 0
+	var c byte
+
+	// check if we need to escape
+	for i := 0; i < len(text); i++ {
+		c = text[i]
+		if c == '\\' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' {
+			escapeNeeded = true
+			startPos = i
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !escapeNeeded {
+		return append(buf, text...)
+	}
+
+	// copy till first char to escape, iterate the rest
+	result := append(buf, text[:startPos]...)
+	for i := startPos; i < len(text); i++ {
+		c = text[i]
+		switch c {
+		case '\\':
+			result = append(result, '\\', '\\')
+		case '\n':
+			result = append(result, '\\', 'n')
+		case '\r':
+			result = append(result, '\\', 'r')
+		case '\t':
+			result = append(result, '\\', 't')
+		default:
+			result = append(result, c)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func mustParse(f string, typ oid.Oid, s []byte) time.Time {
+	str := string(s)
+
+	// check for a 30-minute-offset timezone
+	if (typ == oid.T_timestamptz || typ == oid.T_timetz) &&
+		str[len(str)-3] == ':' {
+		f += ":00"
+	}
+	t, err := time.Parse(f, str)
+	if err != nil {
+		errorf("decode: %s", err)
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+var errInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
+
+type timestampParser struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (p *timestampParser) expect(str string, char byte, pos int) {
+	if p.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if pos+1 > len(str) {
+		p.err = errInvalidTimestamp
+		return
+	}
+	if c := str[pos]; c != char && p.err == nil {
+		p.err = fmt.Errorf("expected '%v' at position %v; got '%v'", char, pos, c)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *timestampParser) mustAtoi(str string, begin int, end int) int {
+	if p.err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if begin < 0 || end < 0 || begin > end || end > len(str) {
+		p.err = errInvalidTimestamp
+		return 0
+	}
+	result, err := strconv.Atoi(str[begin:end])
+	if err != nil {
+		if p.err == nil {
+			p.err = fmt.Errorf("expected number; got '%v'", str)
+		}
+		return 0
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// The location cache caches the time zones typically used by the client.
+type locationCache struct {
+	cache map[int]*time.Location
+	lock  sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// All connections share the same list of timezones. Benchmarking shows that
+// about 5% speed could be gained by putting the cache in the connection and
+// losing the mutex, at the cost of a small amount of memory and a somewhat
+// significant increase in code complexity.
+var globalLocationCache = newLocationCache()
+
+func newLocationCache() *locationCache {
+	return &locationCache{cache: make(map[int]*time.Location)}
+}
+
+// Returns the cached timezone for the specified offset, creating and caching
+// it if necessary.
+func (c *locationCache) getLocation(offset int) *time.Location {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	location, ok := c.cache[offset]
+	if !ok {
+		location = time.FixedZone("", offset)
+		c.cache[offset] = location
+	}
+
+	return location
+}
+
+var infinityTsEnabled = false
+var infinityTsNegative time.Time
+var infinityTsPositive time.Time
+
+const (
+	infinityTsEnabledAlready        = "pq: infinity timestamp enabled already"
+	infinityTsNegativeMustBeSmaller = "pq: infinity timestamp: negative value must be smaller (before) than positive"
+)
+
+// EnableInfinityTs controls the handling of Postgres' "-infinity" and
+// "infinity" "timestamp"s.
+//
+// If EnableInfinityTs is not called, "-infinity" and "infinity" will return
+// []byte("-infinity") and []byte("infinity") respectively, and potentially
+// cause error "sql: Scan error on column index 0: unsupported driver -> Scan
+// pair: []uint8 -> *time.Time", when scanning into a time.Time value.
+//
+// Once EnableInfinityTs has been called, all connections created using this
+// driver will decode Postgres' "-infinity" and "infinity" for "timestamp",
+// "timestamp with time zone" and "date" types to the predefined minimum and
+// maximum times, respectively.  When encoding time.Time values, any time which
+// equals or precedes the predefined minimum time will be encoded to
+// "-infinity".  Any values at or past the maximum time will similarly be
+// encoded to "infinity".
+//
+// If EnableInfinityTs is called with negative >= positive, it will panic.
+// Calling EnableInfinityTs after a connection has been established results in
+// undefined behavior.  If EnableInfinityTs is called more than once, it will
+// panic.
+func EnableInfinityTs(negative time.Time, positive time.Time) {
+	if infinityTsEnabled {
+		panic(infinityTsEnabledAlready)
+	}
+	if !negative.Before(positive) {
+		panic(infinityTsNegativeMustBeSmaller)
+	}
+	infinityTsEnabled = true
+	infinityTsNegative = negative
+	infinityTsPositive = positive
+}
+
+/*
+ * Testing might want to toggle infinityTsEnabled
+ */
+func disableInfinityTs() {
+	infinityTsEnabled = false
+}
+
+// This is a time function specific to the Postgres default DateStyle
+// setting ("ISO, MDY"), the only one we currently support. This
+// accounts for the discrepancies between the parsing available with
+// time.Parse and the Postgres date formatting quirks.
+func parseTs(currentLocation *time.Location, str string) interface{} {
+	switch str {
+	case "-infinity":
+		if infinityTsEnabled {
+			return infinityTsNegative
+		}
+		return []byte(str)
+	case "infinity":
+		if infinityTsEnabled {
+			return infinityTsPositive
+		}
+		return []byte(str)
+	}
+	t, err := ParseTimestamp(currentLocation, str)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+// ParseTimestamp parses Postgres' text format. It returns a time.Time in
+// currentLocation iff that time's offset agrees with the offset sent from the
+// Postgres server. Otherwise, ParseTimestamp returns a time.Time with the
+// fixed offset offset provided by the Postgres server.
+func ParseTimestamp(currentLocation *time.Location, str string) (time.Time, error) {
+	p := timestampParser{}
+
+	monSep := strings.IndexRune(str, '-')
+	// this is Gregorian year, not ISO Year
+	// In Gregorian system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1
+	year := p.mustAtoi(str, 0, monSep)
+	daySep := monSep + 3
+	month := p.mustAtoi(str, monSep+1, daySep)
+	p.expect(str, '-', daySep)
+	timeSep := daySep + 3
+	day := p.mustAtoi(str, daySep+1, timeSep)
+
+	var hour, minute, second int
+	if len(str) > monSep+len("01-01")+1 {
+		p.expect(str, ' ', timeSep)
+		minSep := timeSep + 3
+		p.expect(str, ':', minSep)
+		hour = p.mustAtoi(str, timeSep+1, minSep)
+		secSep := minSep + 3
+		p.expect(str, ':', secSep)
+		minute = p.mustAtoi(str, minSep+1, secSep)
+		secEnd := secSep + 3
+		second = p.mustAtoi(str, secSep+1, secEnd)
+	}
+	remainderIdx := monSep + len("01-01 00:00:00") + 1
+	// Three optional (but ordered) sections follow: the
+	// fractional seconds, the time zone offset, and the BC
+	// designation. We set them up here and adjust the other
+	// offsets if the preceding sections exist.
+
+	nanoSec := 0
+	tzOff := 0
+
+	if remainderIdx < len(str) && str[remainderIdx] == '.' {
+		fracStart := remainderIdx + 1
+		fracOff := strings.IndexAny(str[fracStart:], "-+ ")
+		if fracOff < 0 {
+			fracOff = len(str) - fracStart
+		}
+		fracSec := p.mustAtoi(str, fracStart, fracStart+fracOff)
+		nanoSec = fracSec * (1000000000 / int(math.Pow(10, float64(fracOff))))
+
+		remainderIdx += fracOff + 1
+	}
+	if tzStart := remainderIdx; tzStart < len(str) && (str[tzStart] == '-' || str[tzStart] == '+') {
+		// time zone separator is always '-' or '+' (UTC is +00)
+		var tzSign int
+		switch c := str[tzStart]; c {
+		case '-':
+			tzSign = -1
+		case '+':
+			tzSign = +1
+		default:
+			return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("expected '-' or '+' at position %v; got %v", tzStart, c)
+		}
+		tzHours := p.mustAtoi(str, tzStart+1, tzStart+3)
+		remainderIdx += 3
+		var tzMin, tzSec int
+		if remainderIdx < len(str) && str[remainderIdx] == ':' {
+			tzMin = p.mustAtoi(str, remainderIdx+1, remainderIdx+3)
+			remainderIdx += 3
+		}
+		if remainderIdx < len(str) && str[remainderIdx] == ':' {
+			tzSec = p.mustAtoi(str, remainderIdx+1, remainderIdx+3)
+			remainderIdx += 3
+		}
+		tzOff = tzSign * ((tzHours * 60 * 60) + (tzMin * 60) + tzSec)
+	}
+	var isoYear int
+	if remainderIdx+3 <= len(str) && str[remainderIdx:remainderIdx+3] == " BC" {
+		isoYear = 1 - year
+		remainderIdx += 3
+	} else {
+		isoYear = year
+	}
+	if remainderIdx < len(str) {
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("expected end of input, got %v", str[remainderIdx:])
+	}
+	t := time.Date(isoYear, time.Month(month), day,
+		hour, minute, second, nanoSec,
+		globalLocationCache.getLocation(tzOff))
+
+	if currentLocation != nil {
+		// Set the location of the returned Time based on the session's
+		// TimeZone value, but only if the local time zone database agrees with
+		// the remote database on the offset.
+		lt := t.In(currentLocation)
+		_, newOff := lt.Zone()
+		if newOff == tzOff {
+			t = lt
+		}
+	}
+
+	return t, p.err
+}
+
+// formatTs formats t into a format postgres understands.
+func formatTs(t time.Time) []byte {
+	if infinityTsEnabled {
+		// t <= -infinity : ! (t > -infinity)
+		if !t.After(infinityTsNegative) {
+			return []byte("-infinity")
+		}
+		// t >= infinity : ! (!t < infinity)
+		if !t.Before(infinityTsPositive) {
+			return []byte("infinity")
+		}
+	}
+	return FormatTimestamp(t)
+}
+
+// FormatTimestamp formats t into Postgres' text format for timestamps.
+func FormatTimestamp(t time.Time) []byte {
+	// Need to send dates before 0001 A.D. with " BC" suffix, instead of the
+	// minus sign preferred by Go.
+	// Beware, "0000" in ISO is "1 BC", "-0001" is "2 BC" and so on
+	bc := false
+	if t.Year() <= 0 {
+		// flip year sign, and add 1, e.g: "0" will be "1", and "-10" will be "11"
+		t = t.AddDate((-t.Year())*2+1, 0, 0)
+		bc = true
+	}
+	b := []byte(t.Format(time.RFC3339Nano))
+
+	_, offset := t.Zone()
+	offset = offset % 60
+	if offset != 0 {
+		// RFC3339Nano already printed the minus sign
+		if offset < 0 {
+			offset = -offset
+		}
+
+		b = append(b, ':')
+		if offset < 10 {
+			b = append(b, '0')
+		}
+		b = strconv.AppendInt(b, int64(offset), 10)
+	}
+
+	if bc {
+		b = append(b, " BC"...)
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+// Parse a bytea value received from the server.  Both "hex" and the legacy
+// "escape" format are supported.
+func parseBytea(s []byte) (result []byte, err error) {
+	if len(s) >= 2 && bytes.Equal(s[:2], []byte("\\x")) {
+		// bytea_output = hex
+		s = s[2:] // trim off leading "\\x"
+		result = make([]byte, hex.DecodedLen(len(s)))
+		_, err := hex.Decode(result, s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		// bytea_output = escape
+		for len(s) > 0 {
+			if s[0] == '\\' {
+				// escaped '\\'
+				if len(s) >= 2 && s[1] == '\\' {
+					result = append(result, '\\')
+					s = s[2:]
+					continue
+				}
+
+				// '\\' followed by an octal number
+				if len(s) < 4 {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid bytea sequence %v", s)
+				}
+				r, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(s[1:4]), 8, 9)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse bytea value: %s", err.Error())
+				}
+				result = append(result, byte(r))
+				s = s[4:]
+			} else {
+				// We hit an unescaped, raw byte.  Try to read in as many as
+				// possible in one go.
+				i := bytes.IndexByte(s, '\\')
+				if i == -1 {
+					result = append(result, s...)
+					break
+				}
+				result = append(result, s[:i]...)
+				s = s[i:]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func encodeBytea(serverVersion int, v []byte) (result []byte) {
+	if serverVersion >= 90000 {
+		// Use the hex format if we know that the server supports it
+		result = make([]byte, 2+hex.EncodedLen(len(v)))
+		result[0] = '\\'
+		result[1] = 'x'
+		hex.Encode(result[2:], v)
+	} else {
+		// .. or resort to "escape"
+		for _, b := range v {
+			if b == '\\' {
+				result = append(result, '\\', '\\')
+			} else if b < 0x20 || b > 0x7e {
+				result = append(result, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("\\%03o", b))...)
+			} else {
+				result = append(result, b)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// NullTime represents a time.Time that may be null. NullTime implements the
+// sql.Scanner interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to
+// sql.NullString.
+type NullTime struct {
+	Time  time.Time
+	Valid bool // Valid is true if Time is not NULL
+}
+
+// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
+func (nt *NullTime) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+	nt.Time, nt.Valid = value.(time.Time)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
+func (nt NullTime) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if !nt.Valid {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return nt.Time, nil
+}

lib/pq/encode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/lib/pq/oid"
+)
+
+func TestScanTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
+	var nt NullTime
+	tn := time.Now()
+	nt.Scan(tn)
+	if !nt.Valid {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Valid=false")
+	}
+	if nt.Time != tn {
+		t.Errorf("Time value mismatch")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScanNilTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
+	var nt NullTime
+	nt.Scan(nil)
+	if nt.Valid {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Valid=false")
+	}
+}
+
+var timeTests = []struct {
+	str     string
+	timeval time.Time
+}{
+	{"22001-02-03", time.Date(22001, time.February, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.000001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.00001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.0001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.001", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.01", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.1", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.12", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 120000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.1234", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123400000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.12345", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123450000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123456", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123-07", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000,
+		time.FixedZone("", -7*60*60))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06-07", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
+		time.FixedZone("", -7*60*60))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06-07:42", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
+		time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+42*60)))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06-07:30:09", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
+		time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9)))},
+	{"2001-02-03 04:05:06+07", time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
+		time.FixedZone("", 7*60*60))},
+	{"0011-02-03 04:05:06 BC", time.Date(-10, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"0011-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(-10, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"0011-02-03 04:05:06.123-07 BC", time.Date(-10, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000,
+		time.FixedZone("", -7*60*60))},
+	{"0001-02-03 04:05:06.123", time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"0001-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0)).AddDate(-1, 0, 0)},
+	{"0001-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"0002-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0)).AddDate(-1, 0, 0)},
+	{"0002-02-03 04:05:06.123 BC", time.Date(-1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"12345-02-03 04:05:06.1", time.Date(12345, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+	{"123456-02-03 04:05:06.1", time.Date(123456, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 100000000, time.FixedZone("", 0))},
+}
+
+// Test that parsing the string results in the expected value.
+func TestParseTs(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range timeTests {
+		val, err := ParseTimestamp(nil, tt.str)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: got error: %v", i, err)
+		} else if val.String() != tt.timeval.String() {
+			t.Errorf("%d: expected to parse %q into %q; got %q",
+				i, tt.str, tt.timeval, val)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var timeErrorTests = []string{
+	"2001",
+	"2001-2-03",
+	"2001-02-3",
+	"2001-02-03 ",
+	"2001-02-03 04",
+	"2001-02-03 04:",
+	"2001-02-03 04:05",
+	"2001-02-03 04:05:",
+	"2001-02-03 04:05:6",
+	"2001-02-03 04:05:06.123 B",
+}
+
+// Test that parsing the string results in an error.
+func TestParseTsErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range timeErrorTests {
+		_, err := ParseTimestamp(nil, tt)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: expected an error from parsing: %v", i, tt)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Now test that sending the value into the database and parsing it back
+// returns the same time.Time value.
+func TestEncodeAndParseTs(t *testing.T) {
+	db, err := openTestConnConninfo("timezone='Etc/UTC'")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	for i, tt := range timeTests {
+		var dbstr string
+		err = db.QueryRow("SELECT ($1::timestamptz)::text", tt.timeval).Scan(&dbstr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: could not send value %q to the database: %s", i, tt.timeval, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		val, err := ParseTimestamp(nil, dbstr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%d: could not parse value %q: %s", i, dbstr, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		val = val.In(tt.timeval.Location())
+		if val.String() != tt.timeval.String() {
+			t.Errorf("%d: expected to parse %q into %q; got %q", i, dbstr, tt.timeval, val)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var formatTimeTests = []struct {
+	time     time.Time
+	expected string
+}{
+	{time.Time{}, "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"},
+	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 0)), "2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789Z"},
+	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 2*60*60)), "2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+02:00"},
+	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", -6*60*60)), "2001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789-06:00"},
+	{time.Date(2001, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9))), "2001-02-03T04:05:06-07:30:09"},
+
+	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 0)), "0001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789Z"},
+	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 2*60*60)), "0001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+02:00"},
+	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", -6*60*60)), "0001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789-06:00"},
+
+	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 0)), "0001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789Z BC"},
+	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", 2*60*60)), "0001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789+02:00 BC"},
+	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 123456789, time.FixedZone("", -6*60*60)), "0001-02-03T04:05:06.123456789-06:00 BC"},
+
+	{time.Date(1, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9))), "0001-02-03T04:05:06-07:30:09"},
+	{time.Date(0, time.February, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, time.FixedZone("", -(7*60*60+30*60+9))), "0001-02-03T04:05:06-07:30:09 BC"},
+}
+
+func TestFormatTs(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range formatTimeTests {
+		val := string(formatTs(tt.time))
+		if val != tt.expected {
+			t.Errorf("%d: incorrect time format %q, want %q", i, val, tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTimestampWithTimeZone(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	// try several different locations, all included in Go's zoneinfo.zip
+	for _, locName := range []string{
+		"UTC",
+		"America/Chicago",
+		"America/New_York",
+		"Australia/Darwin",
+		"Australia/Perth",
+	} {
+		loc, err := time.LoadLocation(locName)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Logf("Could not load time zone %s - skipping", locName)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Postgres timestamps have a resolution of 1 microsecond, so don't
+		// use the full range of the Nanosecond argument
+		refTime := time.Date(2012, 11, 6, 10, 23, 42, 123456000, loc)
+
+		for _, pgTimeZone := range []string{"US/Eastern", "Australia/Darwin"} {
+			// Switch Postgres's timezone to test different output timestamp formats
+			_, err = tx.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("set time zone '%s'", pgTimeZone))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			var gotTime time.Time
+			row := tx.QueryRow("select $1::timestamp with time zone", refTime)
+			err = row.Scan(&gotTime)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			if !refTime.Equal(gotTime) {
+				t.Errorf("timestamps not equal: %s != %s", refTime, gotTime)
+			}
+
+			// check that the time zone is set correctly based on TimeZone
+			pgLoc, err := time.LoadLocation(pgTimeZone)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Logf("Could not load time zone %s - skipping", pgLoc)
+				continue
+			}
+			translated := refTime.In(pgLoc)
+			if translated.String() != gotTime.String() {
+				t.Errorf("timestamps not equal: %s != %s", translated, gotTime)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTimestampWithOutTimezone(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	test := func(ts, pgts string) {
+		r, err := db.Query("SELECT $1::timestamp", pgts)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Could not run query: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		n := r.Next()
+
+		if n != true {
+			t.Fatal("Expected at least one row")
+		}
+
+		var result time.Time
+		err = r.Scan(&result)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Did not expect error scanning row: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		expected, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, ts)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Could not parse test time literal: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if !result.Equal(expected) {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected time to match %v: got mismatch %v",
+				expected, result)
+		}
+
+		n = r.Next()
+		if n != false {
+			t.Fatal("Expected only one row")
+		}
+	}
+
+	test("2000-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2000-01-01T00:00:00")
+
+	// Test higher precision time
+	test("2013-01-04T20:14:58.80033Z", "2013-01-04 20:14:58.80033")
+}
+
+func TestInfinityTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+	var err error
+	var resultT time.Time
+
+	expectedErrorStrPrefix := `sql: Scan error on column index 0: unsupported`
+	type testCases []struct {
+		Query                string
+		Param                string
+		ExpectedErrStrPrefix string
+		ExpectedVal          interface{}
+	}
+	tc := testCases{
+		{"SELECT $1::timestamp", "-infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "-infinity"},
+		{"SELECT $1::timestamptz", "-infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "-infinity"},
+		{"SELECT $1::timestamp", "infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "infinity"},
+		{"SELECT $1::timestamptz", "infinity", expectedErrorStrPrefix, "infinity"},
+	}
+	// try to assert []byte to time.Time
+	for _, q := range tc {
+		err = db.QueryRow(q.Query, q.Param).Scan(&resultT)
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), q.ExpectedErrStrPrefix) {
+			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected error to have prefix %q, got %q", q.ExpectedErrStrPrefix, err)
+		}
+	}
+	// yield []byte
+	for _, q := range tc {
+		var resultI interface{}
+		err = db.QueryRow(q.Query, q.Param).Scan(&resultI)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+		}
+		result, ok := resultI.([]byte)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected []byte, got %#v", resultI)
+		}
+		if string(result) != q.ExpectedVal {
+			t.Errorf("Scanning -/+infinity, expected %q, got %q", q.ExpectedVal, result)
+		}
+	}
+
+	y1500 := time.Date(1500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	y2500 := time.Date(2500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	EnableInfinityTs(y1500, y2500)
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp", "infinity").Scan(&resultT)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if !resultT.Equal(y2500) {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning infinity, expected %q, got %q", y2500, resultT)
+	}
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz", "infinity").Scan(&resultT)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if !resultT.Equal(y2500) {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning Infinity, expected time %q, got %q", y2500, resultT.String())
+	}
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp", "-infinity").Scan(&resultT)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if !resultT.Equal(y1500) {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected time %q, got %q", y1500, resultT.String())
+	}
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz", "-infinity").Scan(&resultT)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if !resultT.Equal(y1500) {
+		t.Errorf("Scanning -infinity, expected time %q, got %q", y1500, resultT.String())
+	}
+
+	y_1500 := time.Date(-1500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	y11500 := time.Date(11500, time.January, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	var s string
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp::text", y_1500).Scan(&s)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if s != "-infinity" {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected %q, got %q", "-infinity", s)
+	}
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz::text", y_1500).Scan(&s)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if s != "-infinity" {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding -infinity, expected %q, got %q", "-infinity", s)
+	}
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamp::text", y11500).Scan(&s)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if s != "infinity" {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected %q, got %q", "infinity", s)
+	}
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::timestamptz::text", y11500).Scan(&s)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected no error, got %q", err)
+	}
+	if s != "infinity" {
+		t.Errorf("Encoding infinity, expected %q, got %q", "infinity", s)
+	}
+
+	disableInfinityTs()
+
+	var panicErrorString string
+	func() {
+		defer func() {
+			panicErrorString, _ = recover().(string)
+		}()
+		EnableInfinityTs(y2500, y1500)
+	}()
+	if panicErrorString != infinityTsNegativeMustBeSmaller {
+		t.Errorf("Expected error, %q, got %q", infinityTsNegativeMustBeSmaller, panicErrorString)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStringWithNul(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	hello0world := string("hello\x00world")
+	_, err := db.Query("SELECT $1::text", &hello0world)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Postgres accepts a string with nul in it; " +
+			"injection attacks may be plausible")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestByteSliceToText(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	b := []byte("hello world")
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::text", b)
+
+	var result []byte
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if string(result) != string(b) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStringToBytea(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	b := "hello world"
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::bytea", b)
+
+	var result []byte
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(result, []byte(b)) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTextByteSliceToUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	b := []byte("a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11")
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::uuid", b)
+
+	var result string
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if forceBinaryParameters() {
+		pqErr := err.(*Error)
+		if pqErr == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
+		} else if pqErr.Code != "22P03" {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid binary encoding error (22P03), got %s", pqErr.Code)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if result != string(b) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBinaryByteSlicetoUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	b := []byte{'\xa0', '\xee', '\xbc', '\x99',
+		'\x9c', '\x0b',
+		'\x4e', '\xf8',
+		'\xbb', '\x00', '\x6b',
+		'\xb9', '\xbd', '\x38', '\x0a', '\x11'}
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::uuid", b)
+
+	var result string
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if forceBinaryParameters() {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if result != string("a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb00-6bb9bd380a11") {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", b, result)
+		}
+	} else {
+		pqErr := err.(*Error)
+		if pqErr == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
+		} else if pqErr.Code != "22021" {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid byte sequence for encoding error (22021), got %s", pqErr.Code)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStringToUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	s := "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb00-6bb9bd380a11"
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::uuid", s)
+
+	var result string
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if result != s {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", s, result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTextByteSliceToInt(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	expected := 12345678
+	b := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", expected))
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::int", b)
+
+	var result int
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if forceBinaryParameters() {
+		pqErr := err.(*Error)
+		if pqErr == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
+		} else if pqErr.Code != "22P03" {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid binary encoding error (22P03), got %s", pqErr.Code)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if result != expected {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", expected, result)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBinaryByteSliceToInt(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	expected := 12345678
+	b := []byte{'\x00', '\xbc', '\x61', '\x4e'}
+	row := db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::int", b)
+
+	var result int
+	err := row.Scan(&result)
+	if forceBinaryParameters() {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if result != expected {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %v but got %v", expected, result)
+		}
+	} else {
+		pqErr := err.(*Error)
+		if pqErr == nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected to get error")
+		} else if pqErr.Code != "22021" {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected to get invalid byte sequence for encoding error (22021), got %s", pqErr.Code)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTextDecodeIntoString(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte("hello world")
+	want := string(input)
+	for _, typ := range []oid.Oid{oid.T_char, oid.T_varchar, oid.T_text} {
+		got := decode(&parameterStatus{}, input, typ, formatText)
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("invalid string decoding output for %T(%+v), got %v but expected %v", typ, typ, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestByteaOutputFormatEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte("\\x\x00\x01\x02\xFF\xFEabcdefg0123")
+	want := []byte("\\x5c78000102fffe6162636465666730313233")
+	got := encode(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, input, oid.T_bytea)
+	if !bytes.Equal(want, got) {
+		t.Errorf("invalid hex bytea output, got %v but expected %v", got, want)
+	}
+
+	want = []byte("\\\\x\\000\\001\\002\\377\\376abcdefg0123")
+	got = encode(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 84000}, input, oid.T_bytea)
+	if !bytes.Equal(want, got) {
+		t.Errorf("invalid escape bytea output, got %v but expected %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestByteaOutputFormats(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	if getServerVersion(t, db) < 90000 {
+		// skip
+		return
+	}
+
+	testByteaOutputFormat := func(f string, usePrepared bool) {
+		expectedData := []byte("\x5c\x78\x00\xff\x61\x62\x63\x01\x08")
+		sqlQuery := "SELECT decode('5c7800ff6162630108', 'hex')"
+
+		var data []byte
+
+		// use a txn to avoid relying on getting the same connection
+		txn, err := db.Begin()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer txn.Rollback()
+
+		_, err = txn.Exec("SET LOCAL bytea_output TO " + f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		var rows *sql.Rows
+		var stmt *sql.Stmt
+		if usePrepared {
+			stmt, err = txn.Prepare(sqlQuery)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			rows, err = stmt.Query()
+		} else {
+			// use Query; QueryRow would hide the actual error
+			rows, err = txn.Query(sqlQuery)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !rows.Next() {
+			if rows.Err() != nil {
+				t.Fatal(rows.Err())
+			}
+			t.Fatal("shouldn't happen")
+		}
+		err = rows.Scan(&data)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		err = rows.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if stmt != nil {
+			err = stmt.Close()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(data, expectedData) {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected bytea value %v for format %s; expected %v", data, f, expectedData)
+		}
+	}
+
+	testByteaOutputFormat("hex", false)
+	testByteaOutputFormat("escape", false)
+	testByteaOutputFormat("hex", true)
+	testByteaOutputFormat("escape", true)
+}
+
+func TestAppendEncodedText(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf []byte
+
+	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, int64(10))
+	buf = append(buf, '\t')
+	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, 42.0000000001)
+	buf = append(buf, '\t')
+	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, "hello\tworld")
+	buf = append(buf, '\t')
+	buf = appendEncodedText(&parameterStatus{serverVersion: 90000}, buf, []byte{0, 128, 255})
+
+	if string(buf) != "10\t42.0000000001\thello\\tworld\t\\\\x0080ff" {
+		t.Fatal(string(buf))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendEscapedText(t *testing.T) {
+	if esc := appendEscapedText(nil, "hallo\tescape"); string(esc) != "hallo\\tescape" {
+		t.Fatal(string(esc))
+	}
+	if esc := appendEscapedText(nil, "hallo\\tescape\n"); string(esc) != "hallo\\\\tescape\\n" {
+		t.Fatal(string(esc))
+	}
+	if esc := appendEscapedText(nil, "\n\r\t\f"); string(esc) != "\\n\\r\\t\f" {
+		t.Fatal(string(esc))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendEscapedTextExistingBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf []byte
+	buf = []byte("123\t")
+	if esc := appendEscapedText(buf, "hallo\tescape"); string(esc) != "123\thallo\\tescape" {
+		t.Fatal(string(esc))
+	}
+	buf = []byte("123\t")
+	if esc := appendEscapedText(buf, "hallo\\tescape\n"); string(esc) != "123\thallo\\\\tescape\\n" {
+		t.Fatal(string(esc))
+	}
+	buf = []byte("123\t")
+	if esc := appendEscapedText(buf, "\n\r\t\f"); string(esc) != "123\t\\n\\r\\t\f" {
+		t.Fatal(string(esc))
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAppendEscapedText(b *testing.B) {
+	longString := ""
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		longString += "123456789\n"
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		appendEscapedText(nil, longString)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAppendEscapedTextNoEscape(b *testing.B) {
+	longString := ""
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		longString += "1234567890"
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		appendEscapedText(nil, longString)
+	}
+}

lib/pq/error.go

@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"runtime"
+)
+
+// Error severities
+const (
+	Efatal   = "FATAL"
+	Epanic   = "PANIC"
+	Ewarning = "WARNING"
+	Enotice  = "NOTICE"
+	Edebug   = "DEBUG"
+	Einfo    = "INFO"
+	Elog     = "LOG"
+)
+
+// Error represents an error communicating with the server.
+//
+// See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/protocol-error-fields.html for details of the fields
+type Error struct {
+	Severity         string
+	Code             ErrorCode
+	Message          string
+	Detail           string
+	Hint             string
+	Position         string
+	InternalPosition string
+	InternalQuery    string
+	Where            string
+	Schema           string
+	Table            string
+	Column           string
+	DataTypeName     string
+	Constraint       string
+	File             string
+	Line             string
+	Routine          string
+}
+
+// ErrorCode is a five-character error code.
+type ErrorCode string
+
+// Name returns a more human friendly rendering of the error code, namely the
+// "condition name".
+//
+// See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/errcodes-appendix.html for
+// details.
+func (ec ErrorCode) Name() string {
+	return errorCodeNames[ec]
+}
+
+// ErrorClass is only the class part of an error code.
+type ErrorClass string
+
+// Name returns the condition name of an error class.  It is equivalent to the
+// condition name of the "standard" error code (i.e. the one having the last
+// three characters "000").
+func (ec ErrorClass) Name() string {
+	return errorCodeNames[ErrorCode(ec+"000")]
+}
+
+// Class returns the error class, e.g. "28".
+//
+// See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/errcodes-appendix.html for
+// details.
+func (ec ErrorCode) Class() ErrorClass {
+	return ErrorClass(ec[0:2])
+}
+
+// errorCodeNames is a mapping between the five-character error codes and the
+// human readable "condition names". It is derived from the list at
+// http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+var errorCodeNames = map[ErrorCode]string{
+	// Class 00 - Successful Completion
+	"00000": "successful_completion",
+	// Class 01 - Warning
+	"01000": "warning",
+	"0100C": "dynamic_result_sets_returned",
+	"01008": "implicit_zero_bit_padding",
+	"01003": "null_value_eliminated_in_set_function",
+	"01007": "privilege_not_granted",
+	"01006": "privilege_not_revoked",
+	"01004": "string_data_right_truncation",
+	"01P01": "deprecated_feature",
+	// Class 02 - No Data (this is also a warning class per the SQL standard)
+	"02000": "no_data",
+	"02001": "no_additional_dynamic_result_sets_returned",
+	// Class 03 - SQL Statement Not Yet Complete
+	"03000": "sql_statement_not_yet_complete",
+	// Class 08 - Connection Exception
+	"08000": "connection_exception",
+	"08003": "connection_does_not_exist",
+	"08006": "connection_failure",
+	"08001": "sqlclient_unable_to_establish_sqlconnection",
+	"08004": "sqlserver_rejected_establishment_of_sqlconnection",
+	"08007": "transaction_resolution_unknown",
+	"08P01": "protocol_violation",
+	// Class 09 - Triggered Action Exception
+	"09000": "triggered_action_exception",
+	// Class 0A - Feature Not Supported
+	"0A000": "feature_not_supported",
+	// Class 0B - Invalid Transaction Initiation
+	"0B000": "invalid_transaction_initiation",
+	// Class 0F - Locator Exception
+	"0F000": "locator_exception",
+	"0F001": "invalid_locator_specification",
+	// Class 0L - Invalid Grantor
+	"0L000": "invalid_grantor",
+	"0LP01": "invalid_grant_operation",
+	// Class 0P - Invalid Role Specification
+	"0P000": "invalid_role_specification",
+	// Class 0Z - Diagnostics Exception
+	"0Z000": "diagnostics_exception",
+	"0Z002": "stacked_diagnostics_accessed_without_active_handler",
+	// Class 20 - Case Not Found
+	"20000": "case_not_found",
+	// Class 21 - Cardinality Violation
+	"21000": "cardinality_violation",
+	// Class 22 - Data Exception
+	"22000": "data_exception",
+	"2202E": "array_subscript_error",
+	"22021": "character_not_in_repertoire",
+	"22008": "datetime_field_overflow",
+	"22012": "division_by_zero",
+	"22005": "error_in_assignment",
+	"2200B": "escape_character_conflict",
+	"22022": "indicator_overflow",
+	"22015": "interval_field_overflow",
+	"2201E": "invalid_argument_for_logarithm",
+	"22014": "invalid_argument_for_ntile_function",
+	"22016": "invalid_argument_for_nth_value_function",
+	"2201F": "invalid_argument_for_power_function",
+	"2201G": "invalid_argument_for_width_bucket_function",
+	"22018": "invalid_character_value_for_cast",
+	"22007": "invalid_datetime_format",
+	"22019": "invalid_escape_character",
+	"2200D": "invalid_escape_octet",
+	"22025": "invalid_escape_sequence",
+	"22P06": "nonstandard_use_of_escape_character",
+	"22010": "invalid_indicator_parameter_value",
+	"22023": "invalid_parameter_value",
+	"2201B": "invalid_regular_expression",
+	"2201W": "invalid_row_count_in_limit_clause",
+	"2201X": "invalid_row_count_in_result_offset_clause",
+	"22009": "invalid_time_zone_displacement_value",
+	"2200C": "invalid_use_of_escape_character",
+	"2200G": "most_specific_type_mismatch",
+	"22004": "null_value_not_allowed",
+	"22002": "null_value_no_indicator_parameter",
+	"22003": "numeric_value_out_of_range",
+	"22026": "string_data_length_mismatch",
+	"22001": "string_data_right_truncation",
+	"22011": "substring_error",
+	"22027": "trim_error",
+	"22024": "unterminated_c_string",
+	"2200F": "zero_length_character_string",
+	"22P01": "floating_point_exception",
+	"22P02": "invalid_text_representation",
+	"22P03": "invalid_binary_representation",
+	"22P04": "bad_copy_file_format",
+	"22P05": "untranslatable_character",
+	"2200L": "not_an_xml_document",
+	"2200M": "invalid_xml_document",
+	"2200N": "invalid_xml_content",
+	"2200S": "invalid_xml_comment",
+	"2200T": "invalid_xml_processing_instruction",
+	// Class 23 - Integrity Constraint Violation
+	"23000": "integrity_constraint_violation",
+	"23001": "restrict_violation",
+	"23502": "not_null_violation",
+	"23503": "foreign_key_violation",
+	"23505": "unique_violation",
+	"23514": "check_violation",
+	"23P01": "exclusion_violation",
+	// Class 24 - Invalid Cursor State
+	"24000": "invalid_cursor_state",
+	// Class 25 - Invalid Transaction State
+	"25000": "invalid_transaction_state",
+	"25001": "active_sql_transaction",
+	"25002": "branch_transaction_already_active",
+	"25008": "held_cursor_requires_same_isolation_level",
+	"25003": "inappropriate_access_mode_for_branch_transaction",
+	"25004": "inappropriate_isolation_level_for_branch_transaction",
+	"25005": "no_active_sql_transaction_for_branch_transaction",
+	"25006": "read_only_sql_transaction",
+	"25007": "schema_and_data_statement_mixing_not_supported",
+	"25P01": "no_active_sql_transaction",
+	"25P02": "in_failed_sql_transaction",
+	// Class 26 - Invalid SQL Statement Name
+	"26000": "invalid_sql_statement_name",
+	// Class 27 - Triggered Data Change Violation
+	"27000": "triggered_data_change_violation",
+	// Class 28 - Invalid Authorization Specification
+	"28000": "invalid_authorization_specification",
+	"28P01": "invalid_password",
+	// Class 2B - Dependent Privilege Descriptors Still Exist
+	"2B000": "dependent_privilege_descriptors_still_exist",
+	"2BP01": "dependent_objects_still_exist",
+	// Class 2D - Invalid Transaction Termination
+	"2D000": "invalid_transaction_termination",
+	// Class 2F - SQL Routine Exception
+	"2F000": "sql_routine_exception",
+	"2F005": "function_executed_no_return_statement",
+	"2F002": "modifying_sql_data_not_permitted",
+	"2F003": "prohibited_sql_statement_attempted",
+	"2F004": "reading_sql_data_not_permitted",
+	// Class 34 - Invalid Cursor Name
+	"34000": "invalid_cursor_name",
+	// Class 38 - External Routine Exception
+	"38000": "external_routine_exception",
+	"38001": "containing_sql_not_permitted",
+	"38002": "modifying_sql_data_not_permitted",
+	"38003": "prohibited_sql_statement_attempted",
+	"38004": "reading_sql_data_not_permitted",
+	// Class 39 - External Routine Invocation Exception
+	"39000": "external_routine_invocation_exception",
+	"39001": "invalid_sqlstate_returned",
+	"39004": "null_value_not_allowed",
+	"39P01": "trigger_protocol_violated",
+	"39P02": "srf_protocol_violated",
+	// Class 3B - Savepoint Exception
+	"3B000": "savepoint_exception",
+	"3B001": "invalid_savepoint_specification",
+	// Class 3D - Invalid Catalog Name
+	"3D000": "invalid_catalog_name",
+	// Class 3F - Invalid Schema Name
+	"3F000": "invalid_schema_name",
+	// Class 40 - Transaction Rollback
+	"40000": "transaction_rollback",
+	"40002": "transaction_integrity_constraint_violation",
+	"40001": "serialization_failure",
+	"40003": "statement_completion_unknown",
+	"40P01": "deadlock_detected",
+	// Class 42 - Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation
+	"42000": "syntax_error_or_access_rule_violation",
+	"42601": "syntax_error",
+	"42501": "insufficient_privilege",
+	"42846": "cannot_coerce",
+	"42803": "grouping_error",
+	"42P20": "windowing_error",
+	"42P19": "invalid_recursion",
+	"42830": "invalid_foreign_key",
+	"42602": "invalid_name",
+	"42622": "name_too_long",
+	"42939": "reserved_name",
+	"42804": "datatype_mismatch",
+	"42P18": "indeterminate_datatype",
+	"42P21": "collation_mismatch",
+	"42P22": "indeterminate_collation",
+	"42809": "wrong_object_type",
+	"42703": "undefined_column",
+	"42883": "undefined_function",
+	"42P01": "undefined_table",
+	"42P02": "undefined_parameter",
+	"42704": "undefined_object",
+	"42701": "duplicate_column",
+	"42P03": "duplicate_cursor",
+	"42P04": "duplicate_database",
+	"42723": "duplicate_function",
+	"42P05": "duplicate_prepared_statement",
+	"42P06": "duplicate_schema",
+	"42P07": "duplicate_table",
+	"42712": "duplicate_alias",
+	"42710": "duplicate_object",
+	"42702": "ambiguous_column",
+	"42725": "ambiguous_function",
+	"42P08": "ambiguous_parameter",
+	"42P09": "ambiguous_alias",
+	"42P10": "invalid_column_reference",
+	"42611": "invalid_column_definition",
+	"42P11": "invalid_cursor_definition",
+	"42P12": "invalid_database_definition",
+	"42P13": "invalid_function_definition",
+	"42P14": "invalid_prepared_statement_definition",
+	"42P15": "invalid_schema_definition",
+	"42P16": "invalid_table_definition",
+	"42P17": "invalid_object_definition",
+	// Class 44 - WITH CHECK OPTION Violation
+	"44000": "with_check_option_violation",
+	// Class 53 - Insufficient Resources
+	"53000": "insufficient_resources",
+	"53100": "disk_full",
+	"53200": "out_of_memory",
+	"53300": "too_many_connections",
+	"53400": "configuration_limit_exceeded",
+	// Class 54 - Program Limit Exceeded
+	"54000": "program_limit_exceeded",
+	"54001": "statement_too_complex",
+	"54011": "too_many_columns",
+	"54023": "too_many_arguments",
+	// Class 55 - Object Not In Prerequisite State
+	"55000": "object_not_in_prerequisite_state",
+	"55006": "object_in_use",
+	"55P02": "cant_change_runtime_param",
+	"55P03": "lock_not_available",
+	// Class 57 - Operator Intervention
+	"57000": "operator_intervention",
+	"57014": "query_canceled",
+	"57P01": "admin_shutdown",
+	"57P02": "crash_shutdown",
+	"57P03": "cannot_connect_now",
+	"57P04": "database_dropped",
+	// Class 58 - System Error (errors external to PostgreSQL itself)
+	"58000": "system_error",
+	"58030": "io_error",
+	"58P01": "undefined_file",
+	"58P02": "duplicate_file",
+	// Class F0 - Configuration File Error
+	"F0000": "config_file_error",
+	"F0001": "lock_file_exists",
+	// Class HV - Foreign Data Wrapper Error (SQL/MED)
+	"HV000": "fdw_error",
+	"HV005": "fdw_column_name_not_found",
+	"HV002": "fdw_dynamic_parameter_value_needed",
+	"HV010": "fdw_function_sequence_error",
+	"HV021": "fdw_inconsistent_descriptor_information",
+	"HV024": "fdw_invalid_attribute_value",
+	"HV007": "fdw_invalid_column_name",
+	"HV008": "fdw_invalid_column_number",
+	"HV004": "fdw_invalid_data_type",
+	"HV006": "fdw_invalid_data_type_descriptors",
+	"HV091": "fdw_invalid_descriptor_field_identifier",
+	"HV00B": "fdw_invalid_handle",
+	"HV00C": "fdw_invalid_option_index",
+	"HV00D": "fdw_invalid_option_name",
+	"HV090": "fdw_invalid_string_length_or_buffer_length",
+	"HV00A": "fdw_invalid_string_format",
+	"HV009": "fdw_invalid_use_of_null_pointer",
+	"HV014": "fdw_too_many_handles",
+	"HV001": "fdw_out_of_memory",
+	"HV00P": "fdw_no_schemas",
+	"HV00J": "fdw_option_name_not_found",
+	"HV00K": "fdw_reply_handle",
+	"HV00Q": "fdw_schema_not_found",
+	"HV00R": "fdw_table_not_found",
+	"HV00L": "fdw_unable_to_create_execution",
+	"HV00M": "fdw_unable_to_create_reply",
+	"HV00N": "fdw_unable_to_establish_connection",
+	// Class P0 - PL/pgSQL Error
+	"P0000": "plpgsql_error",
+	"P0001": "raise_exception",
+	"P0002": "no_data_found",
+	"P0003": "too_many_rows",
+	// Class XX - Internal Error
+	"XX000": "internal_error",
+	"XX001": "data_corrupted",
+	"XX002": "index_corrupted",
+}
+
+func parseError(r *readBuf) *Error {
+	err := new(Error)
+	for t := r.byte(); t != 0; t = r.byte() {
+		msg := r.string()
+		switch t {
+		case 'S':
+			err.Severity = msg
+		case 'C':
+			err.Code = ErrorCode(msg)
+		case 'M':
+			err.Message = msg
+		case 'D':
+			err.Detail = msg
+		case 'H':
+			err.Hint = msg
+		case 'P':
+			err.Position = msg
+		case 'p':
+			err.InternalPosition = msg
+		case 'q':
+			err.InternalQuery = msg
+		case 'W':
+			err.Where = msg
+		case 's':
+			err.Schema = msg
+		case 't':
+			err.Table = msg
+		case 'c':
+			err.Column = msg
+		case 'd':
+			err.DataTypeName = msg
+		case 'n':
+			err.Constraint = msg
+		case 'F':
+			err.File = msg
+		case 'L':
+			err.Line = msg
+		case 'R':
+			err.Routine = msg
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// Fatal returns true if the Error Severity is fatal.
+func (err *Error) Fatal() bool {
+	return err.Severity == Efatal
+}
+
+// Get implements the legacy PGError interface. New code should use the fields
+// of the Error struct directly.
+func (err *Error) Get(k byte) (v string) {
+	switch k {
+	case 'S':
+		return err.Severity
+	case 'C':
+		return string(err.Code)
+	case 'M':
+		return err.Message
+	case 'D':
+		return err.Detail
+	case 'H':
+		return err.Hint
+	case 'P':
+		return err.Position
+	case 'p':
+		return err.InternalPosition
+	case 'q':
+		return err.InternalQuery
+	case 'W':
+		return err.Where
+	case 's':
+		return err.Schema
+	case 't':
+		return err.Table
+	case 'c':
+		return err.Column
+	case 'd':
+		return err.DataTypeName
+	case 'n':
+		return err.Constraint
+	case 'F':
+		return err.File
+	case 'L':
+		return err.Line
+	case 'R':
+		return err.Routine
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (err Error) Error() string {
+	return "pq: " + err.Message
+}
+
+// PGError is an interface used by previous versions of pq. It is provided
+// only to support legacy code. New code should use the Error type.
+type PGError interface {
+	Error() string
+	Fatal() bool
+	Get(k byte) (v string)
+}
+
+func errorf(s string, args ...interface{}) {
+	panic(fmt.Errorf("pq: %s", fmt.Sprintf(s, args...)))
+}
+
+func errRecoverNoErrBadConn(err *error) {
+	e := recover()
+	if e == nil {
+		// Do nothing
+		return
+	}
+	var ok bool
+	*err, ok = e.(error)
+	if !ok {
+		*err = fmt.Errorf("pq: unexpected error: %#v", e)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *conn) errRecover(err *error) {
+	e := recover()
+	switch v := e.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		// Do nothing
+	case runtime.Error:
+		c.bad = true
+		panic(v)
+	case *Error:
+		if v.Fatal() {
+			*err = driver.ErrBadConn
+		} else {
+			*err = v
+		}
+	case *net.OpError:
+		*err = driver.ErrBadConn
+	case error:
+		if v == io.EOF || v.(error).Error() == "remote error: handshake failure" {
+			*err = driver.ErrBadConn
+		} else {
+			*err = v
+		}
+
+	default:
+		c.bad = true
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown error: %#v", e))
+	}
+
+	// Any time we return ErrBadConn, we need to remember it since *Tx doesn't
+	// mark the connection bad in database/sql.
+	if *err == driver.ErrBadConn {
+		c.bad = true
+	}
+}

lib/pq/go18_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// +build go1.8
+
+package pq
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestMultipleSimpleQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("select 1; set time zone default; select 2; select 3")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var i int
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&i); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if i != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 1, got %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+	if !rows.NextResultSet() {
+		t.Fatal("expected more result sets", rows.Err())
+	}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&i); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if i != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 2, got %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Make sure that if we ignore a result we can still query.
+
+	rows, err = db.Query("select 4; select 5")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&i); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if i != 4 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 4, got %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+	if !rows.NextResultSet() {
+		t.Fatal("expected more result sets", rows.Err())
+	}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&i); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if i != 5 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 5, got %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+	if rows.NextResultSet() {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected result set")
+	}
+}

lib/pq/hstore/hstore.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package hstore
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// A wrapper for transferring Hstore values back and forth easily.
+type Hstore struct {
+	Map map[string]sql.NullString
+}
+
+// escapes and quotes hstore keys/values
+// s should be a sql.NullString or string
+func hQuote(s interface{}) string {
+	var str string
+	switch v := s.(type) {
+	case sql.NullString:
+		if !v.Valid {
+			return "NULL"
+		}
+		str = v.String
+	case string:
+		str = v
+	default:
+		panic("not a string or sql.NullString")
+	}
+
+	str = strings.Replace(str, "\\", "\\\\", -1)
+	return `"` + strings.Replace(str, "\"", "\\\"", -1) + `"`
+}
+
+// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
+//
+// Note h.Map is reallocated before the scan to clear existing values. If the
+// hstore column's database value is NULL, then h.Map is set to nil instead.
+func (h *Hstore) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+	if value == nil {
+		h.Map = nil
+		return nil
+	}
+	h.Map = make(map[string]sql.NullString)
+	var b byte
+	pair := [][]byte{{}, {}}
+	pi := 0
+	inQuote := false
+	didQuote := false
+	sawSlash := false
+	bindex := 0
+	for bindex, b = range value.([]byte) {
+		if sawSlash {
+			pair[pi] = append(pair[pi], b)
+			sawSlash = false
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch b {
+		case '\\':
+			sawSlash = true
+			continue
+		case '"':
+			inQuote = !inQuote
+			if !didQuote {
+				didQuote = true
+			}
+			continue
+		default:
+			if !inQuote {
+				switch b {
+				case ' ', '\t', '\n', '\r':
+					continue
+				case '=':
+					continue
+				case '>':
+					pi = 1
+					didQuote = false
+					continue
+				case ',':
+					s := string(pair[1])
+					if !didQuote && len(s) == 4 && strings.ToLower(s) == "null" {
+						h.Map[string(pair[0])] = sql.NullString{String: "", Valid: false}
+					} else {
+						h.Map[string(pair[0])] = sql.NullString{String: string(pair[1]), Valid: true}
+					}
+					pair[0] = []byte{}
+					pair[1] = []byte{}
+					pi = 0
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		pair[pi] = append(pair[pi], b)
+	}
+	if bindex > 0 {
+		s := string(pair[1])
+		if !didQuote && len(s) == 4 && strings.ToLower(s) == "null" {
+			h.Map[string(pair[0])] = sql.NullString{String: "", Valid: false}
+		} else {
+			h.Map[string(pair[0])] = sql.NullString{String: string(pair[1]), Valid: true}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver Valuer interface. Note if h.Map is nil, the
+// database column value will be set to NULL.
+func (h Hstore) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if h.Map == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	parts := []string{}
+	for key, val := range h.Map {
+		thispart := hQuote(key) + "=>" + hQuote(val)
+		parts = append(parts, thispart)
+	}
+	return []byte(strings.Join(parts, ",")), nil
+}

lib/pq/hstore/hstore_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package hstore
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+)
+
+type Fatalistic interface {
+	Fatal(args ...interface{})
+}
+
+func openTestConn(t Fatalistic) *sql.DB {
+	datname := os.Getenv("PGDATABASE")
+	sslmode := os.Getenv("PGSSLMODE")
+
+	if datname == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGDATABASE", "pqgotest")
+	}
+
+	if sslmode == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGSSLMODE", "disable")
+	}
+
+	conn, err := sql.Open("postgres", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	return conn
+}
+
+func TestHstore(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	// quitely create hstore if it doesn't exist
+	_, err := db.Exec("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS hstore")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("Skipping hstore tests - hstore extension create failed: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	hs := Hstore{}
+
+	// test for null-valued hstores
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT NULL::hstore").Scan(&hs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if hs.Map != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected null map")
+	}
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::hstore", hs).Scan(&hs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("re-query null map failed: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+	if hs.Map != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected null map")
+	}
+
+	// test for empty hstores
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT ''::hstore").Scan(&hs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if hs.Map == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty map, got null map")
+	}
+	if len(hs.Map) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty map, got len(map)=%d", len(hs.Map))
+	}
+
+	err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::hstore", hs).Scan(&hs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("re-query empty map failed: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+	if hs.Map == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty map, got null map")
+	}
+	if len(hs.Map) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty map, got len(map)=%d", len(hs.Map))
+	}
+
+	// a few example maps to test out
+	hsOnePair := Hstore{
+		Map: map[string]sql.NullString{
+			"key1": {String: "value1", Valid: true},
+		},
+	}
+
+	hsThreePairs := Hstore{
+		Map: map[string]sql.NullString{
+			"key1": {String: "value1", Valid: true},
+			"key2": {String: "value2", Valid: true},
+			"key3": {String: "value3", Valid: true},
+		},
+	}
+
+	hsSmorgasbord := Hstore{
+		Map: map[string]sql.NullString{
+			"nullstring":             {String: "NULL", Valid: true},
+			"actuallynull":           {String: "", Valid: false},
+			"NULL":                   {String: "NULL string key", Valid: true},
+			"withbracket":            {String: "value>42", Valid: true},
+			"withequal":              {String: "value=42", Valid: true},
+			`"withquotes1"`:          {String: `this "should" be fine`, Valid: true},
+			`"withquotes"2"`:         {String: `this "should\" also be fine`, Valid: true},
+			"embedded1":              {String: "value1=>x1", Valid: true},
+			"embedded2":              {String: `"value2"=>x2`, Valid: true},
+			"withnewlines":           {String: "\n\nvalue\t=>2", Valid: true},
+			"<<all sorts of crazy>>": {String: `this, "should,\" also, => be fine`, Valid: true},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// test encoding in query params, then decoding during Scan
+	testBidirectional := func(h Hstore) {
+		err = db.QueryRow("SELECT $1::hstore", h).Scan(&hs)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("re-query %d-pair map failed: %s", len(h.Map), err.Error())
+		}
+		if hs.Map == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d-pair map, got null map", len(h.Map))
+		}
+		if len(hs.Map) != len(h.Map) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %d-pair map, got len(map)=%d", len(h.Map), len(hs.Map))
+		}
+
+		for key, val := range hs.Map {
+			otherval, found := h.Map[key]
+			if !found {
+				t.Fatalf("  key '%v' not found in %d-pair map", key, len(h.Map))
+			}
+			if otherval.Valid != val.Valid {
+				t.Fatalf("  value %v <> %v in %d-pair map", otherval, val, len(h.Map))
+			}
+			if otherval.String != val.String {
+				t.Fatalf("  value '%v' <> '%v' in %d-pair map", otherval.String, val.String, len(h.Map))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	testBidirectional(hsOnePair)
+	testBidirectional(hsThreePairs)
+	testBidirectional(hsSmorgasbord)
+}

lib/pq/issues_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package pq
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestIssue494(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	query := `CREATE TEMP TABLE t (i INT PRIMARY KEY)`
+	if _, err := db.Exec(query); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	txn, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := txn.Prepare(CopyIn("t", "i")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := txn.Query("SELECT 1"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+}

lib/pq/listen_example/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+
+Below you will find a self-contained Go program which uses the LISTEN / NOTIFY
+mechanism to avoid polling the database while waiting for more work to arrive.
+
+    //
+    // You can see the program in action by defining a function similar to
+    // the following:
+    //
+    // CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.get_work()
+    //   RETURNS bigint
+    //   LANGUAGE sql
+    //   AS $$
+    //     SELECT CASE WHEN random() >= 0.2 THEN int8 '1' END
+    //   $$
+    // ;
+
+    package main
+
+    import (
+        "database/sql"
+        "fmt"
+        "time"
+
+        "github.com/lib/pq"
+    )
+
+    func doWork(db *sql.DB, work int64) {
+        // work here
+    }
+
+    func getWork(db *sql.DB) {
+        for {
+            // get work from the database here
+            var work sql.NullInt64
+            err := db.QueryRow("SELECT get_work()").Scan(&work)
+            if err != nil {
+                fmt.Println("call to get_work() failed: ", err)
+                time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
+                continue
+            }
+            if !work.Valid {
+                // no more work to do
+                fmt.Println("ran out of work")
+                return
+            }
+
+            fmt.Println("starting work on ", work.Int64)
+            go doWork(db, work.Int64)
+        }
+    }
+
+    func waitForNotification(l *pq.Listener) {
+        for {
+            select {
+                case <-l.Notify:
+                    fmt.Println("received notification, new work available")
+                    return
+                case <-time.After(90 * time.Second):
+                    go func() {
+                        l.Ping()
+                    }()
+                    // Check if there's more work available, just in case it takes
+                    // a while for the Listener to notice connection loss and
+                    // reconnect.
+                    fmt.Println("received no work for 90 seconds, checking for new work")
+                    return
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func main() {
+        var conninfo string = ""
+
+        db, err := sql.Open("postgres", conninfo)
+        if err != nil {
+            panic(err)
+        }
+
+        reportProblem := func(ev pq.ListenerEventType, err error) {
+            if err != nil {
+                fmt.Println(err.Error())
+            }
+        }
+
+        listener := pq.NewListener(conninfo, 10 * time.Second, time.Minute, reportProblem)
+        err = listener.Listen("getwork")
+        if err != nil {
+            panic(err)
+        }
+
+        fmt.Println("entering main loop")
+        for {
+            // process all available work before waiting for notifications
+            getWork(db)
+            waitForNotification(listener)
+        }
+    }
+
+
+*/
+package listen_example

lib/pq/notify.go

@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+package pq
+
+// Package pq is a pure Go Postgres driver for the database/sql package.
+// This module contains support for Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY.
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Notification represents a single notification from the database.
+type Notification struct {
+	// Process ID (PID) of the notifying postgres backend.
+	BePid int
+	// Name of the channel the notification was sent on.
+	Channel string
+	// Payload, or the empty string if unspecified.
+	Extra string
+}
+
+func recvNotification(r *readBuf) *Notification {
+	bePid := r.int32()
+	channel := r.string()
+	extra := r.string()
+
+	return &Notification{bePid, channel, extra}
+}
+
+const (
+	connStateIdle int32 = iota
+	connStateExpectResponse
+	connStateExpectReadyForQuery
+)
+
+type message struct {
+	typ byte
+	err error
+}
+
+var errListenerConnClosed = errors.New("pq: ListenerConn has been closed")
+
+// ListenerConn is a low-level interface for waiting for notifications.  You
+// should use Listener instead.
+type ListenerConn struct {
+	// guards cn and err
+	connectionLock sync.Mutex
+	cn             *conn
+	err            error
+
+	connState int32
+
+	// the sending goroutine will be holding this lock
+	senderLock sync.Mutex
+
+	notificationChan chan<- *Notification
+
+	replyChan chan message
+}
+
+// Creates a new ListenerConn.  Use NewListener instead.
+func NewListenerConn(name string, notificationChan chan<- *Notification) (*ListenerConn, error) {
+	return newDialListenerConn(defaultDialer{}, name, notificationChan)
+}
+
+func newDialListenerConn(d Dialer, name string, c chan<- *Notification) (*ListenerConn, error) {
+	cn, err := DialOpen(d, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	l := &ListenerConn{
+		cn:               cn.(*conn),
+		notificationChan: c,
+		connState:        connStateIdle,
+		replyChan:        make(chan message, 2),
+	}
+
+	go l.listenerConnMain()
+
+	return l, nil
+}
+
+// We can only allow one goroutine at a time to be running a query on the
+// connection for various reasons, so the goroutine sending on the connection
+// must be holding senderLock.
+//
+// Returns an error if an unrecoverable error has occurred and the ListenerConn
+// should be abandoned.
+func (l *ListenerConn) acquireSenderLock() error {
+	// we must acquire senderLock first to avoid deadlocks; see ExecSimpleQuery
+	l.senderLock.Lock()
+
+	l.connectionLock.Lock()
+	err := l.err
+	l.connectionLock.Unlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		l.senderLock.Unlock()
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (l *ListenerConn) releaseSenderLock() {
+	l.senderLock.Unlock()
+}
+
+// setState advances the protocol state to newState.  Returns false if moving
+// to that state from the current state is not allowed.
+func (l *ListenerConn) setState(newState int32) bool {
+	var expectedState int32
+
+	switch newState {
+	case connStateIdle:
+		expectedState = connStateExpectReadyForQuery
+	case connStateExpectResponse:
+		expectedState = connStateIdle
+	case connStateExpectReadyForQuery:
+		expectedState = connStateExpectResponse
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected listenerConnState %d", newState))
+	}
+
+	return atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&l.connState, expectedState, newState)
+}
+
+// Main logic is here: receive messages from the postgres backend, forward
+// notifications and query replies and keep the internal state in sync with the
+// protocol state.  Returns when the connection has been lost, is about to go
+// away or should be discarded because we couldn't agree on the state with the
+// server backend.
+func (l *ListenerConn) listenerConnLoop() (err error) {
+	defer errRecoverNoErrBadConn(&err)
+
+	r := &readBuf{}
+	for {
+		t, err := l.cn.recvMessage(r)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		switch t {
+		case 'A':
+			// recvNotification copies all the data so we don't need to worry
+			// about the scratch buffer being overwritten.
+			l.notificationChan <- recvNotification(r)
+
+		case 'T', 'D':
+			// only used by tests; ignore
+
+		case 'E':
+			// We might receive an ErrorResponse even when not in a query; it
+			// is expected that the server will close the connection after
+			// that, but we should make sure that the error we display is the
+			// one from the stray ErrorResponse, not io.ErrUnexpectedEOF.
+			if !l.setState(connStateExpectReadyForQuery) {
+				return parseError(r)
+			}
+			l.replyChan <- message{t, parseError(r)}
+
+		case 'C', 'I':
+			if !l.setState(connStateExpectReadyForQuery) {
+				// protocol out of sync
+				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected CommandComplete")
+			}
+			// ExecSimpleQuery doesn't need to know about this message
+
+		case 'Z':
+			if !l.setState(connStateIdle) {
+				// protocol out of sync
+				return fmt.Errorf("unexpected ReadyForQuery")
+			}
+			l.replyChan <- message{t, nil}
+
+		case 'N', 'S':
+			// ignore
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected message %q from server in listenerConnLoop", t)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// This is the main routine for the goroutine receiving on the database
+// connection.  Most of the main logic is in listenerConnLoop.
+func (l *ListenerConn) listenerConnMain() {
+	err := l.listenerConnLoop()
+
+	// listenerConnLoop terminated; we're done, but we still have to clean up.
+	// Make sure nobody tries to start any new queries by making sure the err
+	// pointer is set.  It is important that we do not overwrite its value; a
+	// connection could be closed by either this goroutine or one sending on
+	// the connection -- whoever closes the connection is assumed to have the
+	// more meaningful error message (as the other one will probably get
+	// net.errClosed), so that goroutine sets the error we expose while the
+	// other error is discarded.  If the connection is lost while two
+	// goroutines are operating on the socket, it probably doesn't matter which
+	// error we expose so we don't try to do anything more complex.
+	l.connectionLock.Lock()
+	if l.err == nil {
+		l.err = err
+	}
+	l.cn.Close()
+	l.connectionLock.Unlock()
+
+	// There might be a query in-flight; make sure nobody's waiting for a
+	// response to it, since there's not going to be one.
+	close(l.replyChan)
+
+	// let the listener know we're done
+	close(l.notificationChan)
+
+	// this ListenerConn is done
+}
+
+// Send a LISTEN query to the server.  See ExecSimpleQuery.
+func (l *ListenerConn) Listen(channel string) (bool, error) {
+	return l.ExecSimpleQuery("LISTEN " + QuoteIdentifier(channel))
+}
+
+// Send an UNLISTEN query to the server.  See ExecSimpleQuery.
+func (l *ListenerConn) Unlisten(channel string) (bool, error) {
+	return l.ExecSimpleQuery("UNLISTEN " + QuoteIdentifier(channel))
+}
+
+// Send `UNLISTEN *` to the server.  See ExecSimpleQuery.
+func (l *ListenerConn) UnlistenAll() (bool, error) {
+	return l.ExecSimpleQuery("UNLISTEN *")
+}
+
+// Ping the remote server to make sure it's alive.  Non-nil error means the
+// connection has failed and should be abandoned.
+func (l *ListenerConn) Ping() error {
+	sent, err := l.ExecSimpleQuery("")
+	if !sent {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		// shouldn't happen
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Attempt to send a query on the connection.  Returns an error if sending the
+// query failed, and the caller should initiate closure of this connection.
+// The caller must be holding senderLock (see acquireSenderLock and
+// releaseSenderLock).
+func (l *ListenerConn) sendSimpleQuery(q string) (err error) {
+	defer errRecoverNoErrBadConn(&err)
+
+	// must set connection state before sending the query
+	if !l.setState(connStateExpectResponse) {
+		panic("two queries running at the same time")
+	}
+
+	// Can't use l.cn.writeBuf here because it uses the scratch buffer which
+	// might get overwritten by listenerConnLoop.
+	b := &writeBuf{
+		buf: []byte("Q\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
+		pos: 1,
+	}
+	b.string(q)
+	l.cn.send(b)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Execute a "simple query" (i.e. one with no bindable parameters) on the
+// connection.  The possible return values are:
+//   1) "executed" is true; the query was executed to completion on the
+//      database server.  If the query failed, err will be set to the error
+//      returned by the database, otherwise err will be nil.
+//   2) If "executed" is false, the query could not be executed on the remote
+//      server.  err will be non-nil.
+//
+// After a call to ExecSimpleQuery has returned an executed=false value, the
+// connection has either been closed or will be closed shortly thereafter, and
+// all subsequently executed queries will return an error.
+func (l *ListenerConn) ExecSimpleQuery(q string) (executed bool, err error) {
+	if err = l.acquireSenderLock(); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	defer l.releaseSenderLock()
+
+	err = l.sendSimpleQuery(q)
+	if err != nil {
+		// We can't know what state the protocol is in, so we need to abandon
+		// this connection.
+		l.connectionLock.Lock()
+		// Set the error pointer if it hasn't been set already; see
+		// listenerConnMain.
+		if l.err == nil {
+			l.err = err
+		}
+		l.connectionLock.Unlock()
+		l.cn.c.Close()
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	// now we just wait for a reply..
+	for {
+		m, ok := <-l.replyChan
+		if !ok {
+			// We lost the connection to server, don't bother waiting for a
+			// a response.  err should have been set already.
+			l.connectionLock.Lock()
+			err := l.err
+			l.connectionLock.Unlock()
+			return false, err
+		}
+		switch m.typ {
+		case 'Z':
+			// sanity check
+			if m.err != nil {
+				panic("m.err != nil")
+			}
+			// done; err might or might not be set
+			return true, err
+
+		case 'E':
+			// sanity check
+			if m.err == nil {
+				panic("m.err == nil")
+			}
+			// server responded with an error; ReadyForQuery to follow
+			err = m.err
+
+		default:
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("unknown response for simple query: %q", m.typ)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *ListenerConn) Close() error {
+	l.connectionLock.Lock()
+	if l.err != nil {
+		l.connectionLock.Unlock()
+		return errListenerConnClosed
+	}
+	l.err = errListenerConnClosed
+	l.connectionLock.Unlock()
+	// We can't send anything on the connection without holding senderLock.
+	// Simply close the net.Conn to wake up everyone operating on it.
+	return l.cn.c.Close()
+}
+
+// Err() returns the reason the connection was closed.  It is not safe to call
+// this function until l.Notify has been closed.
+func (l *ListenerConn) Err() error {
+	return l.err
+}
+
+var errListenerClosed = errors.New("pq: Listener has been closed")
+
+var ErrChannelAlreadyOpen = errors.New("pq: channel is already open")
+var ErrChannelNotOpen = errors.New("pq: channel is not open")
+
+type ListenerEventType int
+
+const (
+	// Emitted only when the database connection has been initially
+	// initialized.  err will always be nil.
+	ListenerEventConnected ListenerEventType = iota
+
+	// Emitted after a database connection has been lost, either because of an
+	// error or because Close has been called.  err will be set to the reason
+	// the database connection was lost.
+	ListenerEventDisconnected
+
+	// Emitted after a database connection has been re-established after
+	// connection loss.  err will always be nil.  After this event has been
+	// emitted, a nil pq.Notification is sent on the Listener.Notify channel.
+	ListenerEventReconnected
+
+	// Emitted after a connection to the database was attempted, but failed.
+	// err will be set to an error describing why the connection attempt did
+	// not succeed.
+	ListenerEventConnectionAttemptFailed
+)
+
+type EventCallbackType func(event ListenerEventType, err error)
+
+// Listener provides an interface for listening to notifications from a
+// PostgreSQL database.  For general usage information, see section
+// "Notifications".
+//
+// Listener can safely be used from concurrently running goroutines.
+type Listener struct {
+	// Channel for receiving notifications from the database.  In some cases a
+	// nil value will be sent.  See section "Notifications" above.
+	Notify chan *Notification
+
+	name                 string
+	minReconnectInterval time.Duration
+	maxReconnectInterval time.Duration
+	dialer               Dialer
+	eventCallback        EventCallbackType
+
+	lock                 sync.Mutex
+	isClosed             bool
+	reconnectCond        *sync.Cond
+	cn                   *ListenerConn
+	connNotificationChan <-chan *Notification
+	channels             map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+// NewListener creates a new database connection dedicated to LISTEN / NOTIFY.
+//
+// name should be set to a connection string to be used to establish the
+// database connection (see section "Connection String Parameters" above).
+//
+// minReconnectInterval controls the duration to wait before trying to
+// re-establish the database connection after connection loss.  After each
+// consecutive failure this interval is doubled, until maxReconnectInterval is
+// reached.  Successfully completing the connection establishment procedure
+// resets the interval back to minReconnectInterval.
+//
+// The last parameter eventCallback can be set to a function which will be
+// called by the Listener when the state of the underlying database connection
+// changes.  This callback will be called by the goroutine which dispatches the
+// notifications over the Notify channel, so you should try to avoid doing
+// potentially time-consuming operations from the callback.
+func NewListener(name string,
+	minReconnectInterval time.Duration,
+	maxReconnectInterval time.Duration,
+	eventCallback EventCallbackType) *Listener {
+	return NewDialListener(defaultDialer{}, name, minReconnectInterval, maxReconnectInterval, eventCallback)
+}
+
+// NewDialListener is like NewListener but it takes a Dialer.
+func NewDialListener(d Dialer,
+	name string,
+	minReconnectInterval time.Duration,
+	maxReconnectInterval time.Duration,
+	eventCallback EventCallbackType) *Listener {
+
+	l := &Listener{
+		name:                 name,
+		minReconnectInterval: minReconnectInterval,
+		maxReconnectInterval: maxReconnectInterval,
+		dialer:               d,
+		eventCallback:        eventCallback,
+
+		channels: make(map[string]struct{}),
+
+		Notify: make(chan *Notification, 32),
+	}
+	l.reconnectCond = sync.NewCond(&l.lock)
+
+	go l.listenerMain()
+
+	return l
+}
+
+// Returns the notification channel for this listener.  This is the same
+// channel as Notify, and will not be recreated during the life time of the
+// Listener.
+func (l *Listener) NotificationChannel() <-chan *Notification {
+	return l.Notify
+}
+
+// Listen starts listening for notifications on a channel.  Calls to this
+// function will block until an acknowledgement has been received from the
+// server.  Note that Listener automatically re-establishes the connection
+// after connection loss, so this function may block indefinitely if the
+// connection can not be re-established.
+//
+// Listen will only fail in three conditions:
+//   1) The channel is already open.  The returned error will be
+//      ErrChannelAlreadyOpen.
+//   2) The query was executed on the remote server, but PostgreSQL returned an
+//      error message in response to the query.  The returned error will be a
+//      pq.Error containing the information the server supplied.
+//   3) Close is called on the Listener before the request could be completed.
+//
+// The channel name is case-sensitive.
+func (l *Listener) Listen(channel string) error {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if l.isClosed {
+		return errListenerClosed
+	}
+
+	// The server allows you to issue a LISTEN on a channel which is already
+	// open, but it seems useful to be able to detect this case to spot for
+	// mistakes in application logic.  If the application genuinely does't
+	// care, it can check the exported error and ignore it.
+	_, exists := l.channels[channel]
+	if exists {
+		return ErrChannelAlreadyOpen
+	}
+
+	if l.cn != nil {
+		// If gotResponse is true but error is set, the query was executed on
+		// the remote server, but resulted in an error.  This should be
+		// relatively rare, so it's fine if we just pass the error to our
+		// caller.  However, if gotResponse is false, we could not complete the
+		// query on the remote server and our underlying connection is about
+		// to go away, so we only add relname to l.channels, and wait for
+		// resync() to take care of the rest.
+		gotResponse, err := l.cn.Listen(channel)
+		if gotResponse && err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	l.channels[channel] = struct{}{}
+	for l.cn == nil {
+		l.reconnectCond.Wait()
+		// we let go of the mutex for a while
+		if l.isClosed {
+			return errListenerClosed
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Unlisten removes a channel from the Listener's channel list.  Returns
+// ErrChannelNotOpen if the Listener is not listening on the specified channel.
+// Returns immediately with no error if there is no connection.  Note that you
+// might still get notifications for this channel even after Unlisten has
+// returned.
+//
+// The channel name is case-sensitive.
+func (l *Listener) Unlisten(channel string) error {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if l.isClosed {
+		return errListenerClosed
+	}
+
+	// Similarly to LISTEN, this is not an error in Postgres, but it seems
+	// useful to distinguish from the normal conditions.
+	_, exists := l.channels[channel]
+	if !exists {
+		return ErrChannelNotOpen
+	}
+
+	if l.cn != nil {
+		// Similarly to Listen (see comment in that function), the caller
+		// should only be bothered with an error if it came from the backend as
+		// a response to our query.
+		gotResponse, err := l.cn.Unlisten(channel)
+		if gotResponse && err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Don't bother waiting for resync if there's no connection.
+	delete(l.channels, channel)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnlistenAll removes all channels from the Listener's channel list.  Returns
+// immediately with no error if there is no connection.  Note that you might
+// still get notifications for any of the deleted channels even after
+// UnlistenAll has returned.
+func (l *Listener) UnlistenAll() error {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if l.isClosed {
+		return errListenerClosed
+	}
+
+	if l.cn != nil {
+		// Similarly to Listen (see comment in that function), the caller
+		// should only be bothered with an error if it came from the backend as
+		// a response to our query.
+		gotResponse, err := l.cn.UnlistenAll()
+		if gotResponse && err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Don't bother waiting for resync if there's no connection.
+	l.channels = make(map[string]struct{})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Ping the remote server to make sure it's alive.  Non-nil return value means
+// that there is no active connection.
+func (l *Listener) Ping() error {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if l.isClosed {
+		return errListenerClosed
+	}
+	if l.cn == nil {
+		return errors.New("no connection")
+	}
+
+	return l.cn.Ping()
+}
+
+// Clean up after losing the server connection.  Returns l.cn.Err(), which
+// should have the reason the connection was lost.
+func (l *Listener) disconnectCleanup() error {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// sanity check; can't look at Err() until the channel has been closed
+	select {
+	case _, ok := <-l.connNotificationChan:
+		if ok {
+			panic("connNotificationChan not closed")
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("connNotificationChan not closed")
+	}
+
+	err := l.cn.Err()
+	l.cn.Close()
+	l.cn = nil
+	return err
+}
+
+// Synchronize the list of channels we want to be listening on with the server
+// after the connection has been established.
+func (l *Listener) resync(cn *ListenerConn, notificationChan <-chan *Notification) error {
+	doneChan := make(chan error)
+	go func() {
+		for channel := range l.channels {
+			// If we got a response, return that error to our caller as it's
+			// going to be more descriptive than cn.Err().
+			gotResponse, err := cn.Listen(channel)
+			if gotResponse && err != nil {
+				doneChan <- err
+				return
+			}
+
+			// If we couldn't reach the server, wait for notificationChan to
+			// close and then return the error message from the connection, as
+			// per ListenerConn's interface.
+			if err != nil {
+				for _ = range notificationChan {
+				}
+				doneChan <- cn.Err()
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		doneChan <- nil
+	}()
+
+	// Ignore notifications while synchronization is going on to avoid
+	// deadlocks.  We have to send a nil notification over Notify anyway as
+	// we can't possibly know which notifications (if any) were lost while
+	// the connection was down, so there's no reason to try and process
+	// these messages at all.
+	for {
+		select {
+		case _, ok := <-notificationChan:
+			if !ok {
+				notificationChan = nil
+			}
+
+		case err := <-doneChan:
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// caller should NOT be holding l.lock
+func (l *Listener) closed() bool {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	return l.isClosed
+}
+
+func (l *Listener) connect() error {
+	notificationChan := make(chan *Notification, 32)
+	cn, err := newDialListenerConn(l.dialer, l.name, notificationChan)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	err = l.resync(cn, notificationChan)
+	if err != nil {
+		cn.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+
+	l.cn = cn
+	l.connNotificationChan = notificationChan
+	l.reconnectCond.Broadcast()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close disconnects the Listener from the database and shuts it down.
+// Subsequent calls to its methods will return an error.  Close returns an
+// error if the connection has already been closed.
+func (l *Listener) Close() error {
+	l.lock.Lock()
+	defer l.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if l.isClosed {
+		return errListenerClosed
+	}
+
+	if l.cn != nil {
+		l.cn.Close()
+	}
+	l.isClosed = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (l *Listener) emitEvent(event ListenerEventType, err error) {
+	if l.eventCallback != nil {
+		l.eventCallback(event, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Main logic here: maintain a connection to the server when possible, wait
+// for notifications and emit events.
+func (l *Listener) listenerConnLoop() {
+	var nextReconnect time.Time
+
+	reconnectInterval := l.minReconnectInterval
+	for {
+		for {
+			err := l.connect()
+			if err == nil {
+				break
+			}
+
+			if l.closed() {
+				return
+			}
+			l.emitEvent(ListenerEventConnectionAttemptFailed, err)
+
+			time.Sleep(reconnectInterval)
+			reconnectInterval *= 2
+			if reconnectInterval > l.maxReconnectInterval {
+				reconnectInterval = l.maxReconnectInterval
+			}
+		}
+
+		if nextReconnect.IsZero() {
+			l.emitEvent(ListenerEventConnected, nil)
+		} else {
+			l.emitEvent(ListenerEventReconnected, nil)
+			l.Notify <- nil
+		}
+
+		reconnectInterval = l.minReconnectInterval
+		nextReconnect = time.Now().Add(reconnectInterval)
+
+		for {
+			notification, ok := <-l.connNotificationChan
+			if !ok {
+				// lost connection, loop again
+				break
+			}
+			l.Notify <- notification
+		}
+
+		err := l.disconnectCleanup()
+		if l.closed() {
+			return
+		}
+		l.emitEvent(ListenerEventDisconnected, err)
+
+		time.Sleep(nextReconnect.Sub(time.Now()))
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *Listener) listenerMain() {
+	l.listenerConnLoop()
+	close(l.Notify)
+}

lib/pq/notify_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var errNilNotification = errors.New("nil notification")
+
+func expectNotification(t *testing.T, ch <-chan *Notification, relname string, extra string) error {
+	select {
+	case n := <-ch:
+		if n == nil {
+			return errNilNotification
+		}
+		if n.Channel != relname || n.Extra != extra {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected notification %v", n)
+		}
+		return nil
+	case <-time.After(1500 * time.Millisecond):
+		return fmt.Errorf("timeout")
+	}
+}
+
+func expectNoNotification(t *testing.T, ch <-chan *Notification) error {
+	select {
+	case n := <-ch:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected notification %v", n)
+	case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func expectEvent(t *testing.T, eventch <-chan ListenerEventType, et ListenerEventType) error {
+	select {
+	case e := <-eventch:
+		if e != et {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected event %v", e)
+		}
+		return nil
+	case <-time.After(1500 * time.Millisecond):
+		panic("expectEvent timeout")
+	}
+}
+
+func expectNoEvent(t *testing.T, eventch <-chan ListenerEventType) error {
+	select {
+	case e := <-eventch:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected event %v", e)
+	case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func newTestListenerConn(t *testing.T) (*ListenerConn, <-chan *Notification) {
+	datname := os.Getenv("PGDATABASE")
+	sslmode := os.Getenv("PGSSLMODE")
+
+	if datname == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGDATABASE", "pqgotest")
+	}
+
+	if sslmode == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGSSLMODE", "disable")
+	}
+
+	notificationChan := make(chan *Notification)
+	l, err := NewListenerConn("", notificationChan)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	return l, notificationChan
+}
+
+func TestNewListenerConn(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerConn(t)
+
+	defer l.Close()
+}
+
+func TestConnListen(t *testing.T) {
+	l, channel := newTestListenerConn(t)
+
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	ok, err := l.Listen("notify_test")
+	if !ok || err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, channel, "notify_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConnUnlisten(t *testing.T) {
+	l, channel := newTestListenerConn(t)
+
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	ok, err := l.Listen("notify_test")
+	if !ok || err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_test")
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, channel, "notify_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	ok, err = l.Unlisten("notify_test")
+	if !ok || err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNoNotification(t, channel)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConnUnlistenAll(t *testing.T) {
+	l, channel := newTestListenerConn(t)
+
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	ok, err := l.Listen("notify_test")
+	if !ok || err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_test")
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, channel, "notify_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	ok, err = l.UnlistenAll()
+	if !ok || err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNoNotification(t, channel)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConnClose(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerConn(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	err := l.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = l.Close()
+	if err != errListenerConnClosed {
+		t.Fatalf("expected errListenerConnClosed; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConnPing(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerConn(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+	err := l.Ping()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = l.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = l.Ping()
+	if err != errListenerConnClosed {
+		t.Fatalf("expected errListenerConnClosed; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Test for deadlock where a query fails while another one is queued
+func TestConnExecDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerConn(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(2)
+
+	go func() {
+		l.ExecSimpleQuery("SELECT pg_sleep(60)")
+		wg.Done()
+	}()
+	runtime.Gosched()
+	go func() {
+		l.ExecSimpleQuery("SELECT 1")
+		wg.Done()
+	}()
+	// give the two goroutines some time to get into position
+	runtime.Gosched()
+	// calls Close on the net.Conn; equivalent to a network failure
+	l.Close()
+
+	var done int32 = 0
+	go func() {
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
+		if atomic.LoadInt32(&done) != 1 {
+			panic("timed out")
+		}
+	}()
+	wg.Wait()
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&done, 1)
+}
+
+// Test for ListenerConn being closed while a slow query is executing
+func TestListenerConnCloseWhileQueryIsExecuting(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerConn(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1)
+
+	go func() {
+		sent, err := l.ExecSimpleQuery("SELECT pg_sleep(60)")
+		if sent {
+			panic("expected sent=false")
+		}
+		// could be any of a number of errors
+		if err == nil {
+			panic("expected error")
+		}
+		wg.Done()
+	}()
+	// give the above goroutine some time to get into position
+	runtime.Gosched()
+	err := l.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var done int32 = 0
+	go func() {
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
+		if atomic.LoadInt32(&done) != 1 {
+			panic("timed out")
+		}
+	}()
+	wg.Wait()
+	atomic.StoreInt32(&done, 1)
+}
+
+func TestNotifyExtra(t *testing.T) {
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	if getServerVersion(t, db) < 90000 {
+		t.Skip("skipping NOTIFY payload test since the server does not appear to support it")
+	}
+
+	l, channel := newTestListenerConn(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	ok, err := l.Listen("notify_test")
+	if !ok || err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_test, 'something'")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, channel, "notify_test", "something")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// create a new test listener and also set the timeouts
+func newTestListenerTimeout(t *testing.T, min time.Duration, max time.Duration) (*Listener, <-chan ListenerEventType) {
+	datname := os.Getenv("PGDATABASE")
+	sslmode := os.Getenv("PGSSLMODE")
+
+	if datname == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGDATABASE", "pqgotest")
+	}
+
+	if sslmode == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGSSLMODE", "disable")
+	}
+
+	eventch := make(chan ListenerEventType, 16)
+	l := NewListener("", min, max, func(t ListenerEventType, err error) { eventch <- t })
+	err := expectEvent(t, eventch, ListenerEventConnected)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return l, eventch
+}
+
+func newTestListener(t *testing.T) (*Listener, <-chan ListenerEventType) {
+	return newTestListenerTimeout(t, time.Hour, time.Hour)
+}
+
+func TestListenerListen(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListener(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := l.Listen("notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListenerUnlisten(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListener(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := l.Listen("notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = l.Unlisten("notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNoNotification(t, l.Notify)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListenerUnlistenAll(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListener(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := l.Listen("notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = l.UnlistenAll()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNoNotification(t, l.Notify)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListenerFailedQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	l, eventch := newTestListener(t)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := l.Listen("notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// shouldn't cause a disconnect
+	ok, err := l.cn.ExecSimpleQuery("SELECT error")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("could not send query to server: %v", err)
+	}
+	_, ok = err.(PGError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error %v", err)
+	}
+	err = expectNoEvent(t, eventch)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// should still work
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListenerReconnect(t *testing.T) {
+	l, eventch := newTestListenerTimeout(t, 20*time.Millisecond, time.Hour)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	db := openTestConn(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := l.Listen("notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// kill the connection and make sure it comes back up
+	ok, err := l.cn.ExecSimpleQuery("SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pg_backend_pid())")
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("could not kill the connection: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err != io.EOF {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error %v", err)
+	}
+	err = expectEvent(t, eventch, ListenerEventDisconnected)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = expectEvent(t, eventch, ListenerEventReconnected)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// should still work
+	_, err = db.Exec("NOTIFY notify_listen_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// should get nil after Reconnected
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "", "")
+	if err != errNilNotification {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = expectNotification(t, l.Notify, "notify_listen_test", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListenerClose(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerTimeout(t, 20*time.Millisecond, time.Hour)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	err := l.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = l.Close()
+	if err != errListenerClosed {
+		t.Fatalf("expected errListenerClosed; got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListenerPing(t *testing.T) {
+	l, _ := newTestListenerTimeout(t, 20*time.Millisecond, time.Hour)
+	defer l.Close()
+
+	err := l.Ping()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = l.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	err = l.Ping()
+	if err != errListenerClosed {
+		t.Fatalf("expected errListenerClosed; got %v", err)
+	}
+}

lib/pq/oid/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// Package oid contains OID constants
+// as defined by the Postgres server.
+package oid
+
+// Oid is a Postgres Object ID.
+type Oid uint32

lib/pq/oid/gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// +build ignore
+
+// Generate the table of OID values
+// Run with 'go run gen.go'.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	datname := os.Getenv("PGDATABASE")
+	sslmode := os.Getenv("PGSSLMODE")
+
+	if datname == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGDATABASE", "pqgotest")
+	}
+
+	if sslmode == "" {
+		os.Setenv("PGSSLMODE", "disable")
+	}
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("postgres", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command("gofmt")
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	w, err := cmd.StdinPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f, err := os.Create("types.go")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cmd.Stdout = f
+	err = cmd.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, "// generated by 'go run gen.go'; do not edit")
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, "\npackage oid")
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, "const (")
+	rows, err := db.Query(`
+		SELECT typname, oid
+		FROM pg_type WHERE oid < 10000
+		ORDER BY oid;
+	`)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var name string
+	var oid int
+	for rows.Next() {
+		err = rows.Scan(&name, &oid)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "T_%s Oid = %d\n", name, oid)
+	}
+	if err = rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, ")")
+	w.Close()
+	cmd.Wait()
+}

lib/pq/oid/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// generated by 'go run gen.go'; do not edit
+
+package oid
+
+const (
+	T_bool             Oid = 16
+	T_bytea            Oid = 17
+	T_char             Oid = 18
+	T_name             Oid = 19
+	T_int8             Oid = 20
+	T_int2             Oid = 21
+	T_int2vector       Oid = 22
+	T_int4             Oid = 23
+	T_regproc          Oid = 24
+	T_text             Oid = 25
+	T_oid              Oid = 26
+	T_tid              Oid = 27
+	T_xid              Oid = 28
+	T_cid              Oid = 29
+	T_oidvector        Oid = 30
+	T_pg_type          Oid = 71
+	T_pg_attribute     Oid = 75
+	T_pg_proc          Oid = 81
+	T_pg_class         Oid = 83
+	T_json             Oid = 114
+	T_xml              Oid = 142
+	T__xml             Oid = 143
+	T_pg_node_tree     Oid = 194
+	T__json            Oid = 199
+	T_smgr             Oid = 210
+	T_point            Oid = 600
+	T_lseg             Oid = 601
+	T_path             Oid = 602
+	T_box              Oid = 603
+	T_polygon          Oid = 604
+	T_line             Oid = 628
+	T__line            Oid = 629
+	T_cidr             Oid = 650
+	T__cidr            Oid = 651
+	T_float4           Oid = 700
+	T_float8           Oid = 701
+	T_abstime          Oid = 702
+	T_reltime          Oid = 703
+	T_tinterval        Oid = 704
+	T_unknown          Oid = 705
+	T_circle           Oid = 718
+	T__circle          Oid = 719
+	T_money            Oid = 790
+	T__money           Oid = 791
+	T_macaddr          Oid = 829
+	T_inet             Oid = 869
+	T__bool            Oid = 1000
+	T__bytea           Oid = 1001
+	T__char            Oid = 1002
+	T__name            Oid = 1003
+	T__int2            Oid = 1005
+	T__int2vector      Oid = 1006
+	T__int4            Oid = 1007
+	T__regproc         Oid = 1008
+	T__text            Oid = 1009
+	T__tid             Oid = 1010
+	T__xid             Oid = 1011
+	T__cid             Oid = 1012
+	T__oidvector       Oid = 1013
+	T__bpchar          Oid = 1014
+	T__varchar         Oid = 1015
+	T__int8            Oid = 1016
+	T__point           Oid = 1017
+	T__lseg            Oid = 1018
+	T__path            Oid = 1019
+	T__box             Oid = 1020
+	T__float4          Oid = 1021
+	T__float8          Oid = 1022
+	T__abstime         Oid = 1023
+	T__reltime         Oid = 1024
+	T__tinterval       Oid = 1025
+	T__polygon         Oid = 1027
+	T__oid             Oid = 1028
+	T_aclitem          Oid = 1033
+	T__aclitem         Oid = 1034
+	T__macaddr         Oid = 1040
+	T__inet            Oid = 1041
+	T_bpchar           Oid = 1042
+	T_varchar          Oid = 1043
+	T_date             Oid = 1082
+	T_time             Oid = 1083
+	T_timestamp        Oid = 1114
+	T__timestamp       Oid = 1115
+	T__date            Oid = 1182
+	T__time            Oid = 1183
+	T_timestamptz      Oid = 1184
+	T__timestamptz     Oid = 1185
+	T_interval         Oid = 1186
+	T__interval        Oid = 1187
+	T__numeric         Oid = 1231
+	T_pg_database      Oid = 1248
+	T__cstring         Oid = 1263
+	T_timetz           Oid = 1266
+	T__timetz          Oid = 1270
+	T_bit              Oid = 1560
+	T__bit             Oid = 1561
+	T_varbit           Oid = 1562
+	T__varbit          Oid = 1563
+	T_numeric          Oid = 1700
+	T_refcursor        Oid = 1790
+	T__refcursor       Oid = 2201
+	T_regprocedure     Oid = 2202
+	T_regoper          Oid = 2203
+	T_regoperator      Oid = 2204
+	T_regclass         Oid = 2205
+	T_regtype          Oid = 2206
+	T__regprocedure    Oid = 2207
+	T__regoper         Oid = 2208
+	T__regoperator     Oid = 2209
+	T__regclass        Oid = 2210
+	T__regtype         Oid = 2211
+	T_record           Oid = 2249
+	T_cstring          Oid = 2275
+	T_any              Oid = 2276
+	T_anyarray         Oid = 2277
+	T_void             Oid = 2278
+	T_trigger          Oid = 2279
+	T_language_handler Oid = 2280
+	T_internal         Oid = 2281
+	T_opaque           Oid = 2282
+	T_anyelement       Oid = 2283
+	T__record          Oid = 2287
+	T_anynonarray      Oid = 2776
+	T_pg_authid        Oid = 2842
+	T_pg_auth_members  Oid = 2843
+	T__txid_snapshot   Oid = 2949
+	T_uuid             Oid = 2950
+	T__uuid            Oid = 2951
+	T_txid_snapshot    Oid = 2970
+	T_fdw_handler      Oid = 3115
+	T_anyenum          Oid = 3500
+	T_tsvector         Oid = 3614
+	T_tsquery          Oid = 3615
+	T_gtsvector        Oid = 3642
+	T__tsvector        Oid = 3643
+	T__gtsvector       Oid = 3644
+	T__tsquery         Oid = 3645
+	T_regconfig        Oid = 3734
+	T__regconfig       Oid = 3735
+	T_regdictionary    Oid = 3769
+	T__regdictionary   Oid = 3770
+	T_anyrange         Oid = 3831
+	T_event_trigger    Oid = 3838
+	T_int4range        Oid = 3904
+	T__int4range       Oid = 3905
+	T_numrange         Oid = 3906
+	T__numrange        Oid = 3907
+	T_tsrange          Oid = 3908
+	T__tsrange         Oid = 3909
+	T_tstzrange        Oid = 3910
+	T__tstzrange       Oid = 3911
+	T_daterange        Oid = 3912
+	T__daterange       Oid = 3913
+	T_int8range        Oid = 3926
+	T__int8range       Oid = 3927
+)

lib/pq/ssl_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package pq
+
+// This file contains SSL tests
+
+import (
+	_ "crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func maybeSkipSSLTests(t *testing.T) {
+	// Require some special variables for testing certificates
+	if os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH") == "" {
+		t.Skip("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH not set, skipping SSL tests")
+	}
+
+	value := os.Getenv("PQGOSSLTESTS")
+	if value == "" || value == "0" {
+		t.Skip("PQGOSSLTESTS not enabled, skipping SSL tests")
+	} else if value != "1" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected value %q for PQGOSSLTESTS", value)
+	}
+}
+
+func openSSLConn(t *testing.T, conninfo string) (*sql.DB, error) {
+	db, err := openTestConnConninfo(conninfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		// should never fail
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Do something with the connection to see whether it's working or not.
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err == nil {
+		return db, tx.Rollback()
+	}
+	_ = db.Close()
+	return nil, err
+}
+
+func checkSSLSetup(t *testing.T, conninfo string) {
+	db, err := openSSLConn(t, conninfo)
+	if err == nil {
+		db.Close()
+		t.Fatalf("expected error with conninfo=%q", conninfo)
+	}
+}
+
+// Connect over SSL and run a simple query to test the basics
+func TestSSLConnection(t *testing.T) {
+	maybeSkipSSLTests(t)
+	// Environment sanity check: should fail without SSL
+	checkSSLSetup(t, "sslmode=disable user=pqgossltest")
+
+	db, err := openSSLConn(t, "sslmode=require user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT 1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+}
+
+// Test sslmode=verify-full
+func TestSSLVerifyFull(t *testing.T) {
+	maybeSkipSSLTests(t)
+	// Environment sanity check: should fail without SSL
+	checkSSLSetup(t, "sslmode=disable user=pqgossltest")
+
+	// Not OK according to the system CA
+	_, err := openSSLConn(t, "host=postgres sslmode=verify-full user=pqgossltest")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	_, ok := err.(x509.UnknownAuthorityError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected x509.UnknownAuthorityError, got %#+v", err)
+	}
+
+	rootCertPath := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH"), "root.crt")
+	rootCert := "sslrootcert=" + rootCertPath + " "
+	// No match on Common Name
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, rootCert+"host=127.0.0.1 sslmode=verify-full user=pqgossltest")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	_, ok = err.(x509.HostnameError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected x509.HostnameError, got %#+v", err)
+	}
+	// OK
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, rootCert+"host=postgres sslmode=verify-full user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Test sslmode=require sslrootcert=rootCertPath
+func TestSSLRequireWithRootCert(t *testing.T) {
+	maybeSkipSSLTests(t)
+	// Environment sanity check: should fail without SSL
+	checkSSLSetup(t, "sslmode=disable user=pqgossltest")
+
+	bogusRootCertPath := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH"), "bogus_root.crt")
+	bogusRootCert := "sslrootcert=" + bogusRootCertPath + " "
+
+	// Not OK according to the bogus CA
+	_, err := openSSLConn(t, bogusRootCert+"host=postgres sslmode=require user=pqgossltest")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	_, ok := err.(x509.UnknownAuthorityError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected x509.UnknownAuthorityError, got %s, %#+v", err, err)
+	}
+
+	nonExistentCertPath := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH"), "non_existent.crt")
+	nonExistentCert := "sslrootcert=" + nonExistentCertPath + " "
+
+	// No match on Common Name, but that's OK because we're not validating anything.
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, nonExistentCert+"host=127.0.0.1 sslmode=require user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	rootCertPath := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH"), "root.crt")
+	rootCert := "sslrootcert=" + rootCertPath + " "
+
+	// No match on Common Name, but that's OK because we're not validating the CN.
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, rootCert+"host=127.0.0.1 sslmode=require user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Everything OK
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, rootCert+"host=postgres sslmode=require user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Test sslmode=verify-ca
+func TestSSLVerifyCA(t *testing.T) {
+	maybeSkipSSLTests(t)
+	// Environment sanity check: should fail without SSL
+	checkSSLSetup(t, "sslmode=disable user=pqgossltest")
+
+	// Not OK according to the system CA
+	_, err := openSSLConn(t, "host=postgres sslmode=verify-ca user=pqgossltest")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	_, ok := err.(x509.UnknownAuthorityError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected x509.UnknownAuthorityError, got %#+v", err)
+	}
+
+	rootCertPath := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH"), "root.crt")
+	rootCert := "sslrootcert=" + rootCertPath + " "
+	// No match on Common Name, but that's OK
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, rootCert+"host=127.0.0.1 sslmode=verify-ca user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Everything OK
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, rootCert+"host=postgres sslmode=verify-ca user=pqgossltest")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func getCertConninfo(t *testing.T, source string) string {
+	var sslkey string
+	var sslcert string
+
+	certpath := os.Getenv("PQSSLCERTTEST_PATH")
+
+	switch source {
+	case "missingkey":
+		sslkey = "/tmp/filedoesnotexist"
+		sslcert = filepath.Join(certpath, "postgresql.crt")
+	case "missingcert":
+		sslkey = filepath.Join(certpath, "postgresql.key")
+		sslcert = "/tmp/filedoesnotexist"
+	case "certtwice":
+		sslkey = filepath.Join(certpath, "postgresql.crt")
+		sslcert = filepath.Join(certpath, "postgresql.crt")
+	case "valid":
+		sslkey = filepath.Join(certpath, "postgresql.key")
+		sslcert = filepath.Join(certpath, "postgresql.crt")
+	default:
+		t.Fatalf("invalid source %q", source)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("sslmode=require user=pqgosslcert sslkey=%s sslcert=%s", sslkey, sslcert)
+}
+
+// Authenticate over SSL using client certificates
+func TestSSLClientCertificates(t *testing.T) {
+	maybeSkipSSLTests(t)
+	// Environment sanity check: should fail without SSL
+	checkSSLSetup(t, "sslmode=disable user=pqgossltest")
+
+	// Should also fail without a valid certificate
+	db, err := openSSLConn(t, "sslmode=require user=pqgosslcert")
+	if err == nil {
+		db.Close()
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	pge, ok := err.(*Error)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected pq.Error")
+	}
+	if pge.Code.Name() != "invalid_authorization_specification" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error code %q", pge.Code.Name())
+	}
+
+	// Should work
+	db, err = openSSLConn(t, getCertConninfo(t, "valid"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT 1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+}
+
+// Test errors with ssl certificates
+func TestSSLClientCertificatesMissingFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	maybeSkipSSLTests(t)
+	// Environment sanity check: should fail without SSL
+	checkSSLSetup(t, "sslmode=disable user=pqgossltest")
+
+	// Key missing, should fail
+	_, err := openSSLConn(t, getCertConninfo(t, "missingkey"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	// should be a PathError
+	_, ok := err.(*os.PathError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected PathError, got %#+v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Cert missing, should fail
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, getCertConninfo(t, "missingcert"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	// should be a PathError
+	_, ok = err.(*os.PathError)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected PathError, got %#+v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Key has wrong permissions, should fail
+	_, err = openSSLConn(t, getCertConninfo(t, "certtwice"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if err != ErrSSLKeyHasWorldPermissions {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrSSLKeyHasWorldPermissions, got %#+v", err)
+	}
+}

lib/pq/url.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	nurl "net/url"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ParseURL no longer needs to be used by clients of this library since supplying a URL as a
+// connection string to sql.Open() is now supported:
+//
+//	sql.Open("postgres", "postgres://bob:secret@1.2.3.4:5432/mydb?sslmode=verify-full")
+//
+// It remains exported here for backwards-compatibility.
+//
+// ParseURL converts a url to a connection string for driver.Open.
+// Example:
+//
+//	"postgres://bob:secret@1.2.3.4:5432/mydb?sslmode=verify-full"
+//
+// converts to:
+//
+//	"user=bob password=secret host=1.2.3.4 port=5432 dbname=mydb sslmode=verify-full"
+//
+// A minimal example:
+//
+//	"postgres://"
+//
+// This will be blank, causing driver.Open to use all of the defaults
+func ParseURL(url string) (string, error) {
+	u, err := nurl.Parse(url)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	if u.Scheme != "postgres" && u.Scheme != "postgresql" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid connection protocol: %s", u.Scheme)
+	}
+
+	var kvs []string
+	escaper := strings.NewReplacer(` `, `\ `, `'`, `\'`, `\`, `\\`)
+	accrue := func(k, v string) {
+		if v != "" {
+			kvs = append(kvs, k+"="+escaper.Replace(v))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if u.User != nil {
+		v := u.User.Username()
+		accrue("user", v)
+
+		v, _ = u.User.Password()
+		accrue("password", v)
+	}
+
+	if host, port, err := net.SplitHostPort(u.Host); err != nil {
+		accrue("host", u.Host)
+	} else {
+		accrue("host", host)
+		accrue("port", port)
+	}
+
+	if u.Path != "" {
+		accrue("dbname", u.Path[1:])
+	}
+
+	q := u.Query()
+	for k := range q {
+		accrue(k, q.Get(k))
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(kvs) // Makes testing easier (not a performance concern)
+	return strings.Join(kvs, " "), nil
+}

lib/pq/url_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSimpleParseURL(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := "host=hostname.remote"
+	str, err := ParseURL("postgres://hostname.remote")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if str != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected result from ParseURL:\n+ %v\n- %v", str, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIPv6LoopbackParseURL(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := "host=::1 port=1234"
+	str, err := ParseURL("postgres://[::1]:1234")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if str != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected result from ParseURL:\n+ %v\n- %v", str, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFullParseURL(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := `dbname=database host=hostname.remote password=top\ secret port=1234 user=username`
+	str, err := ParseURL("postgres://username:top%20secret@hostname.remote:1234/database")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if str != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected result from ParseURL:\n+ %s\n- %s", str, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInvalidProtocolParseURL(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := ParseURL("http://hostname.remote")
+	switch err {
+	case nil:
+		t.Fatal("Expected an error from parsing invalid protocol")
+	default:
+		msg := "invalid connection protocol: http"
+		if err.Error() != msg {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected error message:\n+ %s\n- %s",
+				err.Error(), msg)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMinimalURL(t *testing.T) {
+	cs, err := ParseURL("postgres://")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if cs != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected blank connection string, got: %q", cs)
+	}
+}

lib/pq/user_posix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Package pq is a pure Go Postgres driver for the database/sql package.
+
+// +build darwin dragonfly freebsd linux nacl netbsd openbsd solaris rumprun
+
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/user"
+)
+
+func userCurrent() (string, error) {
+	u, err := user.Current()
+	if err == nil {
+		return u.Username, nil
+	}
+
+	name := os.Getenv("USER")
+	if name != "" {
+		return name, nil
+	}
+
+	return "", ErrCouldNotDetectUsername
+}

lib/pq/user_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Package pq is a pure Go Postgres driver for the database/sql package.
+package pq
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// Perform Windows user name lookup identically to libpq.
+//
+// The PostgreSQL code makes use of the legacy Win32 function
+// GetUserName, and that function has not been imported into stock Go.
+// GetUserNameEx is available though, the difference being that a
+// wider range of names are available.  To get the output to be the
+// same as GetUserName, only the base (or last) component of the
+// result is returned.
+func userCurrent() (string, error) {
+	pw_name := make([]uint16, 128)
+	pwname_size := uint32(len(pw_name)) - 1
+	err := syscall.GetUserNameEx(syscall.NameSamCompatible, &pw_name[0], &pwname_size)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", ErrCouldNotDetectUsername
+	}
+	s := syscall.UTF16ToString(pw_name)
+	u := filepath.Base(s)
+	return u, nil
+}

orm/dialects/h2/h2.go

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"database/sql/driver"
 
-	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	_ "orm/lib/pq"
-	"github.com/lib/pq/hstore"
+	"orm/lib/pq/hstore"
 )
 
 type Hstore map[string]*string

orm/dialects/mssql/mssql.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
-	"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
+	gorm "orm/orm"
 )
 
 func setIdentityInsert(scope *gorm.Scope) {

orm/dialects/postgres/postgres.go

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"database/sql/driver"
 
-	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	_ "orm/lib/pq"
-	"github.com/lib/pq/hstore"
+	"orm/lib/pq/hstore"
 )
 
 type Hstore map[string]*string